920 



CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



" The same year " (Wilmere edit. Champl. p. xii), under " a privilege for ten years, at the charge 

 of forming a company for the colonization of Canada " and " propagation of the Roman Catholic relig- 

 ion among the savages," Chauvin and Du Pont Grave", Protestants, arriving at Tadoussac on the St. 

 Lawrence at the mouth of the Saguenay. Du Pont Grave" desired to proceed farther, having traded 

 with the natives at " Three Rivers " in a previous voyage ; De Monts, a volunteer, was of the same 

 opinion ; but Chauvin insisted on building a house at Tadoussac, and leaving behind "sixteen men," 

 sailed for France. The men suffered severely, and but for the compassion of the natives, would have 

 all perished.— Returning in the following year, Chauvin found few survivors, but left behind "twenty 

 more men " (Desmarquets) ; and on reaching France, died while fitting out an expedition on a larger 

 scale. 



Abies balsamea of Canada. A slender tree thirty feet high, called in our Northern States fir 

 (Slafter) or balsam fir (A. Gray) ; and the " fir " seen by Chauvin at Tadoussac — (Champl ), may be 

 compared: the " firre " is mentioned by various early visitors to Newfoundland and Northern New 

 England : A. balsamea is described by H. Marshall 102; was received by Collins from Labrador; was 

 observed b'y Lapylaie from 5i°on Newfoundland ; by F. A. Michaux, in Nova Scotia and Canada ; by 

 myself, from Canada to 43 30' on the Atlantic near Portland; by Long's Expedition, at 49° on Lake 

 Superior; by Drummond, on the Saskatchewan near the Rocky mountains ; and yields "the oleo-resin 

 called Canada balsam " (Lindl ). 



Abies alba of Subarctic America. The white spruce, a tree seventy feet or more high, with 

 slender tapering cones twice as long as those of A. nigra; included perhaps in the "fir" seen by 

 Chauvin at Tadoussac — (Champl.) : was observed by Richardson in Arctic America, along the Cop- 

 permine : by Herzberg at 57 20' in Labrador (Meyer) ; by Lapylaie, from 51° on Newfoundland ; by 

 F. A. Michaux, from 49 in Canada to Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia ; by myself, not 

 South of 46° ; by Long's Expedition ii. 81, at 50° on Lake Winnipeg ; by Drummond, on the Saskatch- 

 ewan near the Rocky mountains. 



" In this year" (Klapr. chrest. p. ix )by the Chinese emperor Thai-tsou, Erdeni-baksi and Gagai- 

 dchargoutsi sent to instruct the Mandchous in the art of writing. The alphabet selected was that of 

 the Mongols, derived from the Ouigours of Central Asia, and ultimately from the Syriac. — Since the 

 conquest of China in " i'>44," Mandchou literature has been enriched by a great number of works, 

 chiefly translations from the Chinese. 



"In this year" (Spreng), Ferrandus Imperati, a friend of Columna and Clusius, publishing his 

 Hist. Nat., enumerating Valeriana Italica 869, Phyteuma pinna/a S82, Telephium Imperati 872, 

 Euphorbia Mauritaniea 876, Cithorium spinosum 88, Parmelia fuciformis 850, Fucus lumbricalis 

 842, Fucus plocamium S44, and " cava " S58 Ulva intestinalis. 



Zapania nodiflora of Tropical America. A diminutive Verbenaceous herb, transported to Europe, 

 described by Ferrandus Imperati 889 — (Spreng.), C. Bauhin, and Barrelier pi. S55 ; known to occur 

 in Southern Italy ( . . . ) ; observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in two localities in the Pelopon- 

 nesus and in one on Crete ; by Knrskal, and Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt ; by myself 

 in Upper Egypt, seemingly wild on the river-flat; by For.skal, on the mountains of Yemen, but as in 

 the preceding instances, no native names given. Westward from America, may have been carried by 

 European colonists across the Pacific to the Philippines, observed by Blanco frequent, though not 

 universally known to the natives, called in Tagalo " chachachachahan" and made into a kind of tea; 

 to Hindustan, where it has acquired Sanscrit names (A. Dec), was observed by Burmann ind. pi. 6, 

 by Rheede x. pi. 47 in Malabar, by Graham "common all over Bombay, creeping among the grass." 

 In its wild state, is known to grow from Cuba near Havana (Kunth) throughout Tropical and Austral 

 America as far as Buenos Ayres (Schauer, and A. Dec). 



" 1600 A. D." (Humb. cosm. ii.), sudden appearance of a star of more than the first magnitude in 

 the constellation Cygnus. — After continuing visible "twenty-one years," the star disappeared. 



"In this year" (Spreng., and Winckler), Schwenkfeld publishing his Stirp. Siles., enumerating 

 Li^ustianii Aitstriacum 60, and Sedum saxatile Hjq. 



"In this year" (Churchill coll.), " by patent from queen Elizabeth," a company of " merchant- 

 adventurers " authorized to trade in the East Indies. An association better known as the English 

 East India company. 



"The same year" (Churchill coll.), in "sailing from Peru for the Philippine Islands," a squad- 

 ron of "four ships " driven South of the Equator among "several rich countries and islands not far 

 from the isles of Solomon :" the name "Monte de Plata" being in one instance bestowed. — "A 

 captain of note went out on purpose and saw these discoveries : " and two petitions to the kino- of 

 Spain from captain Peter Fernandez de Ouiros, on the extent "of the continent and great value of the 

 islands, which he speaks of as an eye-witness," are preserved by Purchas iv. p. 1432. 



"In this year" (Juss., and Markham 206), the healing powers of Peruvian bark first made 

 known to Europeans, a Jesuit not far from Loxa having been cured of a fever: — "in 1638," specimens 



