OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. IO47 



the tonnage of vessels paying duty during the year ending " Sept. 30th," including coasting and fish- 

 ing vessels, amounted to " eight hundred thousand two hundred and sixty-one " tons ; of which " five 

 hundred forty-nine thousand two hundred and seventy-nine," were owned exclusively in the United 

 States (Coxe). 



"The same year" (Nicol.), Leopold II. succeeded by Francis II., forty-third emperor of Germany 

 and Italy. 



"Sept. 23d" (Maunder), at Paris, the new constitution set aside and a so-called "republican" 

 government instituted. 



" In this year" (append. Sibth.), publication of the first volume of the Act. soc. nat. paris. 

 Nardosmia fragrans of Dauphiny and the Pyrenees. Termed " tussilago fragrans " by Villars 

 act. soc. nat. par. i. pi. 12, — and soon afterwards cultivated in gardens for its fragrance (Pers.). In 

 Britain has escaped from cultivation in four or five localities, and according to Watson seems natural- 

 ized (A. Dec). 



As early as this year (Pers. i. p. 55, and Pritzel 417), J. B. Leblond in Cayenne, meeting with 

 Commelyna Cayennettsis, Cyperus brizaeus. — A Catalogue of plants sent by him published in Soc. 

 d'hist. nat. de Paris i. 105-14. 



" In this year" (soc. linn. lond. ii. and iii.), memoir by Goodenough and Woodward on Carex sp., 

 enumerating C. vulgaris, — a second memoir read "in 1795." 



Carex stricta of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Goodenough, — and 

 Schkuhr 60 pi. v. f. 73 : known to grow in marshes from Sweden and Russia throughout middle 

 Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 9(4, Thuill., Pers., and Wats.) : observed by Sibthorp frequent in the marshes 

 of the Peloponnesus. 



Carex rigida of Northern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Goodenough 

 (soc. linn. ii. pi. 22) as observed on the mountains of Scotland : — described also by Schkuhr 56 pi. 

 u. f. 71 (Pers.) ; and the species figured in Engl. bot. pi. 2407 was observed by Sibthorp in the open 

 country around Constantinople. Westward, C. rigida was observed by Hooker in Iceland ; and 

 according to J. Carey grows on "alpine summits of the mountains of Northern New England and 

 New York, and high northward" (A. Gray). 



Carex fulva of Europe and Northeast America. Described by Goodenough, — and known to 

 grow in meads and on mountains throughout middle Europe (Schkuhr t. T. f. 67, Host i. pi. 77, and 

 Pers.) : observed by Chaubard in moist places in the Peloponnesus. Westward, was received by 

 Goodenough from Newfoundland (Hook.) ; was observed by B. D. Greene on the border of a lake at 

 Tewksbury in Eastern Massachusetts (J. Carey). 



" In this year" (Spreng.), after his Baiersch. flor. "in 1789," Franz von Paula Schrank publishing 

 Primit. flor. salisburg. 



"In this year" (Winckl.), Moritz Balthns. Borckhausen publishing his Nov. meth. plant, germ. 

 — A second edition was published "in 1809,'' after his death. 



Ati-iplex nitats of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia- A large species termed 

 "a. viridis " by Ehrhart, "a. sagittata" by Borckhausen (Schkr.), and known to occur along hedges 

 in Germany (Hoffm., and Pers.). In Britain, found adventive on the isle of Wight (Bromf., and 

 A. Dec). 



" In this year" (Spreng , and Winckl.), G. A. Olivier travelling in Persia. 



" T 793; J an - 21st" (Maunder), Louis XVI. of France beheaded; "Oct. 16th," his wife Marie 

 Antoinette beheaded. The European governments having armed against France, and civil war 

 breaking out at home, the so-called " reign of terror ; " during which, the guillotine was kept in con- 

 stant action. 



" April 29th " (Holmes), proclamation of neutrality by president Washington. 

 "The same year" (Nicol.), Fourth partition of Poland. 



" In this year" (Winckl.), Uster publishing his Neuen Ann. Bot., — continued "until 1801." 

 Ornithogaliim spathaceum of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by 

 Hayne in Ust- n. bot. annal 15, — termed "o. Haynii '" by Roth, and known to occur around Hamburg 

 and in the duchy of Oldenburg (Pers.) : observed by Sibthorp near Abydos on the Dardanelles, and 

 on Cyprus. 



"In this year" (Winckl. 379), J- E. Smith publishing his Specimen of the botany of New Hol- 

 land.* 



"The same year" (Pauth. 463), arrival at Pekin of the first English ambassador, Macartney. 

 An account of the proceedings and the journey through China, is given by G. Staunton ; and among 

 the plants collected were Penthorum Chincnse (Pursh 323). 



* Eucalyptus robusta of Australia. Received by J. E. Smith soc. linn. iii. 283 (Pers.). By 

 European colonists, carried to Hindustan ; and according to Drury growing at Ootacamund. 



