16 AMERICAN FISHES. 
other locations the bass easily drives the wall-eye from his feeding 
grounds.’’ 
THE ZANDER. S. LUCIOPERCA. 
They feed upon every kind of small fish, and do not even spare their own 
offspring. In the sea-going rivers of Germany they prey largely upon the 
smelt, and in our own waters upon the various small cyprinoids. Insects, 
larvee, crawfish and worms are also devoured in great numbers, and even 
frogs and snakes. 
Their eggs are from 1 to 1% millimeters in diameter, and light golden 
yellow in color, and are adhesive like those of the sea-herring, clinging 
to stones, roots and the stalks of water plants where they are deposited at 
a depth of from three to ten feet. They begin to spawn when less than 
a pound in weight, and each female deposits from two to’ three hundred 
thousand ova. This great fertility is serviceable, for no fresh water species is 
more subject to the fatalities incident to the spawning season. After storms 
the shores of lakes are said to be often bordered by windrows of the stranded 
ova of the Pike-Perch. Dr. Estes well describes the destructive inroads ot 
sturgeon, cat-fish and suckers upon the spawning beds in Lake Pepin. He 
estimates that not one-fourth of the eggs remain to be hatched. 
Wenzel Horack, who has studied the habits of the Zander in Southern 
Bohemia, finds that the time of spawning is so intimately connected with 
the temperature of the water and the air that it sometimes begins in March, 
though it usually occurs in April and May; the season of oviposition con- 
tinues through the summer and into October. In-the north of Germany 
the Zander spawns in May and June; in southern Germany earlier, begin- 
ing in April. Eckstrém states that in Sweden they spawn only at night. 
The fullest description of the breeding of the American species is that by 
