THE HERRING AND JTS ALLIES. 385 
Italians as ‘Sardina.’ It is, in fact, almost exactly identical with the 
Sardine of Europe. It reaches a length of a little less than a foot. It 
ranges from Cape Mendocino to Chili, and is extremely abundant south- 
ward, especially in the winter, when it fills all the bays. In the summer 
it is generally scarce southward, although still taken northward. The 
young are, however, seen in San Diego in the summer. It is probably to 
some extent migratory along the coast, but as little attention is paid to it, 
no definite data can be given. It is brought into the markets when taken, 
and is sold with the Herring. The question of the possibility of canning 
it in oil, like the Sardine, has been considerably discussed. It would 
probably prove unprofitable, from the high price of labor and the uncer- 
tain supply of fish.”’ 
Far more abundant than the Herring, and occurring at times on all parts 
of our Atlantic coast, is the Menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus. This species 
has at least thirty popular names, most of them limited in their use within 
narrow geographical boundaries. To this circumstance may be attributed 
the prevailing ignorance regarding its habits and migrations, among our 
fishermen, which has perhaps prevented the more extensive utilization of 
this fish, particularly in the South. 
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THE MENHADEN. 
North of Cape Cod the name ‘“ Pogy’’ is almost universally in use, 
while in Southern New England the fish is known only as the ‘‘ Menhaden.’’ 
These two names are derived from two Indian words of the same meaning ; 
the first being the Abnaki name ‘‘ Pookagan,’’ or ‘‘ Poghaden,’’ which 
means ‘ fertilizer,’’ while the latter is the modification of a word which 
in the Narragansett dialect meant ‘‘that which enriches the earth.’ 
About Cape Ann, ‘‘Pogy’’ is partially replaced by ‘‘ Hard-head’’ or 
25 
