388 AMERICAN FISHES. 
beneath, and the boat seems to be gliding over a floor inlaid with blocks 
of silver. At night they are phosphorescent. Their motions seem capri- 
cious and without a definite purpose; at times they swim around and 
around in circles; at other times they sink and rise. While they remain 
thus at the surface, after the appearance of a vanguard they rapidly in- 
crease in abundance until the sea appears to be alive with them. They 
delight to play in inlets and bays, such as the Chesapeake, Peconic and 
Narragansett Bays, and in former years frequented the narrow fiords of 
Maine. Theyseem particularly fond of shallow waters protected from the, 
wind, in which, if not molested, they will remain throughout the season, 
drifting in and out with the tide. Brackish water attracts them, and they 
abound at the mouth of streams, especially on the Southern coast. 
Why the schools swim at the surface so conspicuous a prey tu men, 
birds and other fishes is not known. It does not appear to be for the pur- 
pose of feeding ; perhaps the fisherman is right when he declares that they 
are playing. 
An old mackerel fisherman thus describes the difference in the habits of 
the mackerel and Menhaden: <‘ Pogies school differently from mackerel ; 
the Pogy slaps with his tail, and in moderate weather you can hear the 
sound of a school of them, as first one and then another strikes the water. 
The mackerel go along “ gilling,’’ that is, putting the sides of their heads 
out of the water as they swim. The Pogies make a flapping sound ; the 
mackerel arushing sound. Sometimes in calm and foggy weather you can 
hear a school of mackerel miles away.’’ They do not attract small birds 
as do the schools of predaceous fish. The fish-hawk often hovers above 
them, and some of the larger gulls occasionally follow them in quest of a 
meal. 
Their winter habitat, like that of the other cold-water absentees, has 
never been determined. The most plausible hypothesis supposes that 
instead of migrating towards the tropics or hibernating near the shore, as 
has been claimed by many, they swim out to sea until they find a stratum 
of water corresponding to that frequented by them during their summer 
sojourn on the coast. 
As indicated by the testimony of many observers, whose statements are 
elsewhere reviewed at length, the Menhaden is by far the most abundant 
species of fish on the eastern coast of the United States. Several hundred 
thousands are frequently taken in a single draft of a purse-seine. A firm 
