392 AMERICAN FISHES. 
into the soil of the farms along the shores, stimulating the crops for a time, 
but in the end filling the soil with oil, parching it and making it unfit for 
tillage. Since that time manifold uses have been found. As a bait-fish 
this excels all others; for many years much the greater share of our 
mackerel was caught by its aid, while the cod and halibut fleet use it rather 
than any other fish when it can be procured. The total consumption of 
Menhaden for bait in 1877 did not fall below 80,000 barrels, or 26,000,000 
fish, valued at $500,000. Ten years before, when the entire mackerel 
fleet was fishing with hooks, the consumption was much greater. The 
Dominion mackerel fleet buy Menhaden bait in quantity, and its value has 
been thought an important element in framing treaties between our govern- 
ment and that of Great Britain. 
As a food resource it is found to have great possibilities. Many hun- 
dreds of barrels are sold in the West Indies, while thousands of barrels are 
salted down for domestic use by families living near the shore. In many 
sections they are sold fresh in the market. Within six years there has 
sprung up an important industry, which consists in packing these fish in 
oil, after the manner of sardines, for home and foreign consumption. In 
1874 the production of canned fish did not fall below 500,000 boxes. 
The discovery made by Mr. S. L. Goodale, that from these fish may be 
extracted, for the cost of carefully boiling them, a substance possessing all 
the properties of Liebig’s ‘‘ Extract of beef,’’ opens up a vast field for 
future development. Asa food for the domestic animals in the form of 
‘« fish meat,’’ there seems also to be a broad opening. As a source of oil, 
the Menhaden is of more importance than any other marine animal. Its 
annual yield usually exceeds that of the whale (from the American fisheries) 
by about 200,000 gallons, and in 1874 did not fall far short of the aggre- 
gate of all the whale, seal, and cod oil made in America. In 1878 the 
menhaden oil and guano industry employed capital to the amount of 
$2,350,000, 3,337 men, 64 steamers, 279 sailing vessels, and consumed 
777,000,000 fish; there were 56 factories, which produced 1,392,644 
gallons of oil, valued at $450,000, and 55,154 tons of crude guano, valued 
at $600,000; this was a poor year. In 1874 the number of gallons pro- 
duced was 3,373,000; in 1875, 2,681,000 ; in 1876, 2,992,000: in 1877, 
2,427,000. In1878 the total value of manufactured products was $1,050,- 
000 ; in 1874 this was $1,809,000 ; in 1875, $1,582,000; in 1876, $1,671,- 
000 ; in 1877, $1,608,000. It should be stated that in these reports only 
