470 AMERICAN FISHES. 
with access to better and more comprehensive material for research than 
was formerly available, has led to the rejection of many of the nominal 
species formerly recognized. Out of the forty-three species of Salmon ten 
years ago believed to exist in North America, only thirteen or fourteen 
are now recognized. In Giinther’s “ Catalogue of the Fishes in the 
British Museum,” published in 1866, thirty-one speciés of Chars were 
mentioned, while in his lately published ‘‘ Study of Fishes’’ the same 
author ventures to enumerate only thirteen, all others being regarded as 
insufficiently characterized. In his treatment of the Chars of Europe, 
Giinther is, notwithstanding, one of the most conservative writers, for he 
catalogues eight species of these fish, while most other European students, 
following the lead of the great German ichthyologist, Von Siebold, re- 
gard them as members of one polymorphic species. The sympathies of 
most American ichthyologists are, naturally, with the school of Von Siebold. 
It is difficult to believe, in the light of our own observations upon the 
salmon family in America, that every little lake or group of lakes in 
Europe possesses a well-characterized species of fish, and for the present 
it seems safer to consider the Chars of Europe to be of asingle well-marked 
species which undergoes numerous variations under the influence of changes 
in temperature, elevation, food, and light, and that the Saibling of Bavaria 
and Austria is one and the same thing with the ‘‘ Ombre Chevalier”’ of 
France and Switzerland, ‘‘Salmario’’ of Northern Italy, the ‘“‘ Torgoch’’ 
of Wales, the fresh-water ‘‘ Herring’ of Ireland, the ‘‘ Char ’’ of England 
and Scotland, the ‘‘ Réding’’ of Sweden, and the “ Kulmund”’ of 
Norway. 
SPECIES OF SALVELINUS. 
A. Hyoid teeth; back never mottled. 
a. Subopercle nearly as deep as long, without conspicuous striations. 
4. Gill-rakers fewer than 20; habitat Western America; migratory. caeca 25-46. : S. MALMA. 
46. Gill-rakers more than 20; habitat Eastern America. 
c. Migratory; species very large; usually spawning in large streams and then going to sea. 
gill-rakers 9-15 ; caeca 30-35, S. STAGNALIS. 
cc. Land-locked; species medium size or small. 
d. Back blue; caudal not tipped with white in young ; size very small; gill-rakers 9-15 ; cceca 38. 
S. OQUASSA. 
dd. Caudal tipped with white in youug; size medium or large. 
e. Introduced species; 19 gill-rakers below angle; stomach slender; hyoids in a very narrow 
band ; coeca 40-42. S. ALPINUS. 
ee. Native species, 14 gill-rakers below angle; stomach stout; hyoids in a broad band; youn; 
with clouded parr-marks ; gill-rakers 7-10-9-14; ceca 49. s. ACASSIZIL. 
aa. Subopercle twice as long as deep, conspicuously striated. 
J. Red spotted ; size very large ; gill-rakers, in young, 8-12 , coeca 36. S, ROSSI. 
. Nored spots ; size small ; coeca 31-44. S. ARCTURUS. 
AA. Hyoids absent (usually); back mottled, except in sea-run examples, 
g. Gill-rakers 10 below angle; stomach very stout, coeca 44. S, FONTINALIS. 
Salvelinus fontinalis, the best known of our Red Spotted Trouts, is the 
