ANCIENT AND MODERN MAN 



395 



The differences among these races, branches, stocks, etc., 

 are originally largely the outcome of different environments. 

 By the early migrations of prehistoric man the different 

 parts of the great continents and the principal islands were 

 successively reached and inhabited. But all these regions 

 differ more or less from each other in their temperature, 

 humidity, amount of sunshine or cloudiness, freedom from 

 or prevalence of storms and rigorous conditions of life, 

 abundance and kind of vegetation, presence or absence of 

 rivers, lakes and ocean, etc., etc. 

 These physical differences of 

 environment have certainly chief- 

 ly determined the stature, color, 

 brain development, hair charac- 

 ter, size of teeth, prominence of 

 jaws, muscular conditions and 

 other structural characters on 

 which race distinctions are made. 



These structural conditions 

 are, of course, intimately allied 

 to physiological and mental and 

 moral conditions and habits. 

 Indeed, this alliance or relation 

 is partly that of cause and effect. 

 Ethnologists recognize physiolog- 

 ical and mental and moral differences among peoples just 

 as they do structural differences and use these differences to 

 help trace out racial and stock relationships. Likeness and 

 unlikeness of language have been of great service in the study 

 of relationships. But for the actual distinguishing and 

 classification of different peoples physical characteristics 

 are used first of all and given most weight. 



The characters chiefly relied on to distinguish races and 

 stocks are shape of skull, shape of nose, eyes, jaws and whole 

 face, width of pelvis, color of skin, and character of hair. 



Fig. 198. Head of the "Hot- 

 tentot Venus " from a mould 

 taken after death, now in the 

 Paris Museum of Natural 

 History. (After Quatrefages.) 



