398 THE ANIMALS AND MAN 



civilizations of the world and all of the great world religions 

 except Christianity. 



Lowest of the great races is the Ethiopia or Negro, whose 

 members are black-skinned, black-eyed, wooly-haired, full- 

 jawed and generally long-skulled. The race is mostly 

 confined to regions of great heat and humidity, its center 

 being the hot, low, broad valley of the great river Niger. 

 There are three principal branches of the race, the Negrillo, 

 the true Negro and the Negroid. To the Negrillo branch be- 

 long what are probably the lowest of living human peoples, 

 the Akkas and other pygmies of Equatorial Africa and the 

 Bushmen of Southern Africa. These peoples have no 

 settled abodes, build no towns, cultivate nothing. They 

 live by hunting and fishing and exchange of the trophies 

 of the chase with neighboring agricultural people. They 

 use the bow and arrow and many are cannibals. 



The Negrillos are only approached in their primitive 

 condition by the Papuans of New Guinea, some of whose 

 tribes do not even know the bow and arrow. The Fuegians 

 of Patagonia have also an extremely low culture, although 

 physically they are well developed. But the African Ne- 

 grillos have a physical make-up but little in advance of the 

 prehistoric men of the Stone Age. Their brain cavity is 

 about 1250 c.c. compared with the 1600 c.c. of the European; 

 their facial angle is less, their maxillary angle less; and, 

 in fact, in all those measurements and characters which go 

 to separate man from the other mammals the Akkas and 

 Bushmen of Africa, with perhaps the native Australians, 

 are distinctly lowest and most animal hke. Also these 

 peoples, are, on the whole, in the lowest stage of culture 

 of any of the human kind. But low as this culture may be 

 it is yet something wholly unapproached or resembled in 

 the life of the lower animals. Man's relationship to the 

 animals is revealed only in his anatomy and physiology; 

 not in his habits of life, his social and religious relations. 



