PREDECESSORS OF THE UNGULATES 
thra, if, indeed, it did not develop out of it, but lasted much 
longer, and furnished some of the most remarkable of the 
great fossils disinterred from the early rocks of  ambly- 
Wyoming. They had rather small, short feet with Pod 
five toes, each covered at the end by a little hoof, and all, with 
the heel, resting in a bunch on the ground; and were large 
animals, some even elephantine. 
The earlier forms, such as Pantolambda, were light, long-tailed, and horn- 
less, somewhat doglike in form, little removed from the creodonts, and 
probably largely beasts of prey. Later (in the Wind River formations) 
came the coryphodons, chiefly American, which carried a huge skull 
lightened by big air chambers as in our elephants, and containing a very 
small brain; and the canine teeth projected from the mouth in strong tusks 
so that the head must have been much like that of a hippopotamus. Cope ?44 
said they probably resembled long-tailed bears, with the important excep- 
tion that in their feet they were much like the elephant, and doubtless had 
a shuffling and ambling gait, awkward from the inflexibility of the ankle. 
But in compensation for the probable lack of speed, these animals were 
most formidably armed with tusks more robust than those of the Carnivora, 
and generally more elongate, and attrition preserved rather than diminished 
their acuteness. The size of the (about twenty) species varied from that 
of a tapir to that of an ox. 
These died out and were succeeded by a group of still more 
gigantic amblypods, the Dinocerata,’” with limbs taller and 
more slender in proportion, though strong enough  pinoce- 
to support a body in some species as large as an 7#t@- 
average elephant’s; and they stood upon their toes. 
These huge beasts must have had much the appearance, habits, and food 
of our rhinoceroses, but their low-hanging heads were far more uncouth 
and remarkable, since the skull was long, narrow, flat, and with almost no 
brain cavity. No mammal known had a brain so small and reptilian as 
had these. They were armed not only with long tushes hanging from the 
upper jaw like walrus tusks, but with three pairs of horns, — two on the 
snout pointing forward, two on the upper jaw bones flaring outward, and 
two above the eyes with a bony crest arising broadly behind them. A series 
of skulls exhibited in the Natural History Museum in New York shows 
most strikingly the evolution of these protuberances from an insignificant 
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