STOMACH OF RUMINANTS 
pocket mice, monkeys, etc., enabled these comparatively de- 
fenseless animals to gather nutriment in a short time and then 
retreat to a safe place to prepare it for digestion. : 
Associated with this practice is a large, compli- npaene 
cated stomach, normally consisting of four chambers, into 
the first and largest of which the hastily swallowed forage is 
first received and well moistened, and out of which it comes 
STOMACH OF A RUMINANT. 
Stomach opened to show the internal structure. «, Esophagus; 4, rumen; «¢, reticu- 
lum; 4d, psalterium; ¢, abomasum; % duodenum, 
as ‘“‘cuds.”” Then, when swallowed a second time, it passes 
‘on into the second or true stomach, where real digestion be- 
gins. The ruminants are also called Selenodontia, because 
of the crescentic outline of the hard ridges shown on the worn 
crowns of their molar teeth; they never have more than a 
single pair of incisors in the upper jaw, and usually none; 
their metapodials are united into a ‘‘cannon bone”’; and they 
alone among existing animals wear paired horns. 
“Under the term ‘horns’ are commonly confused two very distinct 
structures... . The word ought not, strictly, to include the bony antlers 
of deer or the giraffe, since these, although to a certain extent 
epidermal outgrowths, consist of true bone built up from blood 
deposits, and are not at all transformed cuticle or ‘horn.’ Nevertheless, as 
Beddard points out, the difference is one of degree rather than of kind. 
237 
Horns. 
