DERIVATION OF MODERN HORSES 
The interesting question arises: Are these Paleolithic horses, 
and possibly the Przewalsky horses, the forbears of our modern 
domesticated breeds; and are our horses of single origin, or of 
multiple origin, like our dogs? 
Professor Osborn answers this by the statement that Ewart 
has lately discovered in the Farées and outer Hebrides a small, 
yellow dun pony, partly striped, with short hairs on the upper 
part of the tail, prominent eyes, small ears, and sometimes 
very small callosities on the inside of the hocks. Especially 
distinctive is the small, graceful head of this Celtic pony, which 
leads Ewart to compare it with the small-sized, small-headed 
horse of Paleolithic man. Ewart also observed, as a second 
type, large yellow duns, about fourteen and three tenths hands 
at the withers, with big bones, large heads, and ungraceful 
Roman noses. “TI imagine,” he writes, ‘that the ancestors of 
these animals came from the south of Europe and correspond 
with the larger horses of the Neolithic cave-deposits.” From 
this second coarse, thick-set breed, similar in size to a full-grown 
Przewalsky’s horse, and to the animals which were domesti- 
cated in the Neolithic or polished-stone age of Europe, the 
common type of European work horse may have sprung. 
So near to the horses as not to be separable as another genus 
are the South African zebras, which differ mainly in their 
brighter coloring, less bushy tail, stiff, ‘roached” 
mane, and lack of the callosities called “chestnuts” 
on the hind legs. So recently have the three branches of the 
Equide diverged that all will interbreed, though the progeny 
(mules) of every sort of crossing are sterile. Interesting but 
not very conclusive results have been obtained by elaborate 
experiments in this interbreeding, specially with zebras. 
Existing zebras are of two types, — a southern and a northern. 
The “‘true” zebra, now left to us only in a few captive speci- 
mens, but once numerous on the wooded mountains near the 
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Zebras. 
