AFRICAN ELEPHANTS 
ishing how soon, in most cases, they do so, becoming docile 
the moment the conviction forces itself into their minds that 
it is inevitable; or perhaps when calmness succeeds fright 
they do not care. Since photography has come to our aid as a 
means of illustration — nowhere more welcome and valuable 
than in natural history — magazines have abounded in pic- 
turesque descriptions of the scenes at these keddah captures; 
and innumerable books outside of the general zodlogies con- 
tain vivid accounts of the habits of the elephants, wild and 
trained, in the East, of which the foremost are those of Sander- 
son,’” and Baker"? for India, Tennent for Ceylon,’ and Pollok 
for Burma.*** In general, no essay upon the habits and char- 
acter of elephants, both Asiatic and African, is more informa- 
tory and accurate than the three chapters devoted to these ani- 
mals in Sir Samuel Baker’s admirable ‘“‘ Wild Beasts and their 
Ways.” 
The African elephant is so different from its Indian cousin 
that some competent authorities place it in a separate genus. 
The bulls are taller on the average than Indian agrican 
elephants, frequently ten feet at the highest part PlePhaat 
of the arched back (‘‘Jumbo,” the only one of this species 
ever seen in the United States until 1905, was eleven feet); 
but the females average smaller than in the other species. 
African cows have much larger tusks (which both sexes use 
industriously in digging up the roots that form a large part of 
their food in Africa), a fact injurious to the longevity of the 
species since man has coveted ivory, for it leads to the killing 
of cows as well as bulls; the molar teeth also differ in struc- 
ture, and there are but three functional toes on the hind foot. 
More easily recognizable distinctions are the fact that the 
leaf-shaped ears of the African elephant are of huge size (Gro- 
gan measured one eighteen feet in circumference), lying far 
back on the shouldérs when at rest; the profile of the face 
slopes more backward; and the head lacks those two bosses 
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