THE STOMACH AND INTESTINES 167 



suddenness or otherwise of the symptoms (indicating acute 

 or chronic trouble), and the passing of intestinal parasites 

 (especially of the round worm, .4 scarfs marginaia, in puppies), 

 all materially assist one in making a diagnosis. 



The general condition must always be carefully considered, 

 more especially from the point of view of the operator and 

 the success of the operation. If the patient is already 

 moribund, it is not fair to blame the operation for an un- 

 successful result. In bowel obstruction, especially impaction 

 from faecal matter, toxic absorption may already have taken 

 place and gained such headwa}' that its effect cannot be 

 overtaken. In obstruction from any cause, the general 

 prostration and weakness which, of necessity, takes place 

 from pain, and inability to take or retain food, are im- 

 portant factors, and the earlier surgical aid is called in {if 

 medicinal means seem likely to he ineffectual) , the better the chance 

 of the patient. In these days, too, thanks to Lister and 

 Pasteur and the antiseptic methods thej' have introduced, 

 the surgery of the abdomen has taken its proper place with 

 all other major operations, and abdominal section a com- 

 paratively common operation. 



The symptoms have particularly to be watched. Colic is 

 more commonly present in the earlier stages and before 

 obstruction is complete, whilst vomiting, haggard counte- 

 nance, and continual straining, with no result, may indicate 

 complete stoppage. 



For the examination of a dog or cat suffering from obstruc- 

 tion of the bowels, the patient should be placed on a table 

 or chair at a height convenient for manipulation. After the 

 general appearance has been noted, the pulse and temperature 

 should be taken ; if possible, before excitement has changed 

 their character (see p. 5). Clammy mucous membranes, a 

 quick, almost imperceptible pulse, and a temperature which 

 is over 104-5'' F- or below 99° F. are exceedingly bad signs. 



The patient is then muzzled or securely held by the head. 



