248 CANINE AND FELINE SURGERY 



urethra kept open ; the instrument should remain there 

 about ten minutes. The size of catheter is small at first, 

 being graduall)- increased. In cases ^\■here adhesions have 

 to be forcibly broken down, the instrument should be passed 

 twice, or even three times, a day for a time, plenty of oil or 

 vaseline being used as a lubricant. If it is impossible to 

 break down the stricture, an orifice may be made behind the 

 bone of the penis, and kept open by the insertion of a 

 catheter ; but this can only, in the case of the dog, be 

 looked upon as a temporary matter, and unless there is some 

 urgent reason for keeping the patient alive, it had much 

 better be painlessly put awa^•. 



Prolapse of the Urethra. 



This condition, although rare, has been observed in the 

 bitch, the mucous membrane of the urethra itself becoming 

 much relaxed and protruding below the urethral orifice mto 

 the vaginal passage. It is sometimes very troublesome 

 to treat. 



In a small French bull bitch which came under the author's observa- 

 tion there was fully li inches prolapsed. 



Operation. — The prolapsed portion is returned with some 

 smooth object, such as a clean thermometer-case or a catheter 

 of sufficient calibre, an astringent injection of alum (or tannic 

 acid) and opium diluted with water being used two or three 

 times a day at the operator's discretion for a week or ten 

 days. Internally the patient should receive quinine or other 

 tonics, and absolute rest should be prescribed. 



Renal Calculus ; Nephrolithotomy ; Nephrectomy. 



Although calculi of the kidney are by no means common, 

 they are not infrequently met with by those who have a large 

 number of canine patients to deal with. As a general rule, 



