THE URINARY ORGANS 255 



sarcoma was present in the abdomen, occupying the body and neck of 

 the bladder and extending to the umbilicus, about twenty other growths 

 being present in the pelvic and lumbar region. The case was quite 

 inoperable. 



Cystitis ; Calculus, or Stone, in the Bladder. 



Cystitis, or inflammation of the bladder, may proceed from 

 various causes which gi^-e rise to irritation of the mucous 

 membrane hning the interior. Tumours (especially papilloma 

 and carcinoma) are occasionalh' met with., septic organisms 

 may gain access through the passing of a dirty catheter and 

 other causes, overdoses of certain medicines (such as can- 

 tharides), or the presence of a calculus or a number of calculi, 

 may be at the root of the mischief. 



There ma}- be onl}- one stone present (as in specimen 

 No. 3, Fig. 163), or there may be a ver\' large number. The 

 author has known one instance in which no less than eighty- 

 four stones were counted in this situation. 



Calculi are most commonly met with in old, or at all 

 events adult, animals, but e\'en young ones are not exempt. 

 They are as frequently met \\ith in the cat as the dog, 

 especially the castrated male. Bitches seem to be more 

 predisposed than dogs, and the stones certainly attain larger 

 size in the former. 



The Symptoms which first dra\\" the owner's attention to 

 the animal are a continual restlessness and constant attempts 

 at urination, during which efforts onh' a few drops are 

 passed. This may be discoloured or blood-stained, but the 

 presence of blood is bv no means a necessary aid to diagnosis, 

 as this depends entirely upon whether the mucous membrane 

 of the bladder has become abraded or not. If matters are 

 allowed to proceed further, great pain is evinced, the appetite 

 is capricious, and the patient is feverish and becomes 

 emaciated. 



Examination should be made through the abdominal walls 



