THE URINARY ORGANS 257 



cresosote, carbolic acid, hyposulphite of soda, or other such 

 urinary disinfectant agents, administered by the mouth. 



Urotropine and hyoscyamus stand high in therapeutic value 

 as bladder sedatives and diuretics, whilst potassium bicarbonate 

 and other alkalies are useful agents. Tincture of cantharides 

 in small medicinal doses gives immediate relief in some cases 

 of hasmaturia, whilst pearl-barlej-water or linseed-tea are 

 useful fluid demulcents. 



Operations. — The diagnosis having been made \\\i\\ cer- 

 taint} , either a lithotomy or a lithotrity (litholapaxy) may 

 be performed, the surgeon having the choice of two situa- 

 tions in \\hich to operate. 



I : 3 



Fig. 163. — Shapes assumed by Calculi in the Bladder. 



In either dog or bitch the bladder can be reached from the 

 suprapubic region, or in the former the incision may be 

 made in the perineum, and in the latter the stone can often 

 be extracted through the urethral orifice, and so into the 

 vagina. 



The term ' lithotomy ' is used when the bladder is incised 

 and the stone or stones extracted ^\•hole, and the term 

 ' lithotrity ' when the calculi are first crushed or broken up 

 into fragments before being removed through the urethra. 



Suprapubic lithotomy is performed as follows : After the 

 bladder has been emptied ^^•ith a catheter, and carefully 

 washed out with solution of chinosol, boric acid, or some 



17 



