10 FREDERICK S. BREED 



not easily confused with pecking. It was repeated on the silver 

 charm of the fob. 



No. 71 learned to drink by pecking at a bit of excrement 

 that chanced to get into the water. Time after time it pecked 

 about the edge of the dish. It was not observed to dip its bill 

 into clear water. It secured water first by pecking and persisted 

 in getting it this way throughout these first trials. 



No. 74, when set on the table, pecked the edge of the white 

 paper. First contact of the bill with water came from pecking 

 a drop of water deposited on the paper. I put its bill into the 

 water in the dish, whereupon it reacted to the situation by 

 pecking the edge of the dish. 



No. 77. By catching the paper on which the dish rested, 

 the water was caused to wave slightly in the presence of the 

 chick. Its head went down hard in a pecking reaction and hit 

 the bottom of the dish, following which the head was lifted in 

 the manner characteristic of drinking. On the second trial the 

 head approached the water not in the manner of pecking but 

 of drinking. The pecking approach to an object is decidedly 

 different from the drinking approach. In contrast to the sharp 

 descent upon the object in the former, the low gentle reaching 

 movement in drinking, accompanied by a straightening of the 

 neck, opening of the mouth, and a peculiar motion of the throat, 

 is most marked. 



No. 69. The surface of the water was agitated as for no. 

 77. No. 69 pecked directly into the water. Shortly afterward 

 it pecked the water without my shaking it and at a point where 

 I could discern no special stimulus like a bubble or particle of 

 food. The positions of chick and dish were such that light 

 reflected from the water might have been a factor. 



No. 75. Pecked edge of the white paper. Pecked about the 

 edge of the dish and its bill slipped into the water. The chick 

 then pecked the edge of the dish twelve times, the bill getting 

 into the water during some of these reactions. Pecked twice 

 into the dish and got a little water. Of the next twenty reac- 

 tions all were pecks and all but two were directed toward the 

 side and edge of the dish. 



No. 80. I thought I observed the chick performing the drink- 

 ing reaction on a piece of glazed kymograph record paper about 

 3 cm. square that I vibrated between two fingers in front of 



