284 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NEW JERSEY. 
Red-cedar (Juniperus virginiana) is an excellent tree for the 
dry sandy upland. No American tree has a more interesting 
and instructive cecology.* It ranges from Cape Cod to Van- 
couver’s Island, from Canada to Florida. In the north it inhabits 
dry, rocky uplands; in the south it grows in swamps, which are 
often covered with water; in the rich bottom-lands of the Mis-. 
sissippi Valley it is a lofty and noble tree; in the limestone 
regions of northern Alabama it is almost a bush; and along the 
shores of New Jersey it is flat-crowned and irregular, but a beau- 
tiful tree in spite of shifting sand and salt sea breezes. The 
quality of the wood also depends upon the region in which it 
grows. In many places it is of little worth; in others it is excel- 
lent in quality, strongly aromatic, rich red in color and famous 
the world over for pencils. It is one of the commonest trees in 
Southern New Jersey, quickly producing a highly prized wood 
on soil the surface of which at least is sterile. Its fruits are 
devoured by birds which scatter its seeds. When growing alone 
it is pyramidal in shape, with many branches. Sometimes the 
twigs and leaves are stiff and prickly ; sometimes soft and pendu-. 
lous. The wood of these knotty trees is extremely beautiful, 
and the limbs are of use for boat knees, rustic fences, etc. It is. 
also an excellent wind-break, although subject to a fungous dis-. 
ease which infests the apple and quince.t 
*The basis of silviculture is cecology or the science of trees in relation to their environment, many 
of the most important points of which in reference to American species are unknown. Much may be 
learned of the habits of trees by studying them in regions in which they are not indigenous. More is 
known of the silvicultural peculiarities of several American trees in Europe thanin America, A careful 
study of the tropical forest will throw light upon many physiological problems, ially those which 
have to do with climatic conditions (see Haberlandt’s Tropenreise). It behooves the Americans to- 
emulate the Dutch in Java and the English in India, and establish in their new possessions experiment 
stations, schools and laboratories where northern students may study plant physiology, the sine gua non 
of agriculture and silviculture. 
+ The cedar-apple (Gymnosporangium macropus) is common throughout the State, and is of special 
nterest because it leads a dual life, one phase of which is on the red-cedar (Juniperus virginiana), and: 
the other has the cultivated quince, apple and their allies for its host plants. On the twigs of the cedar 
it causes brown, irregularly lobed excrescences, as large as chestnuts, over the surface of which there are 
slight indentations or centers in which the tel P are | d, These spores are thick-walled, 
brown, two-celled bodies, which in warm, moist spring weather, germinate, that is, the cell-wall breaks, 
and there protrudes from each cell of the teleutospore a hypha or tube on the end of which several 
small spores or sporidia are formed, All the germinal tubes from one center adhere together, forming an 
orange-colored, gelatinus, tentacle-like growth. Several of these gelatinous masses, distributed over the 
surface of the whole excrescence, give it the appearance of a crysanthemum a short distance from the- 
tree. Very often many hundreds of these may be seen on a single tree, and when they are in the height 
of their germination are peculiarly striking, The sporidia are borne long distances by the wind to the 
young, tender leaves of the apple and quince, on which, if the conditions are right, they soon germinate, 
and produce the other stage of this peculiar disease, which, on its orchard hosts, causes the well-known 
“rust.” Although this fungus does practically no injury to the cedar, ‘‘the rust’”’ is a very serious 
disease, especially in the south. It is more dangerous to quinces than to apples, The spores can be 
carried by the wind several miles, Although not wise to plant orchards in the neighborhood of red-- 
cedars, or vice-versa, this disease is not of sufficient seriousness to discourage the propagation of the: 
red-cedar in South Jersey, because the apple industry is there of little importance. 
