REPORT ON FORESTS. 291 
Apiculture, although it requires considerable skill in manipu- 
lation, should be a subsidiary forest occupation. This has been 
strongly recommended to the forestry people throughout 
Europe who have their homes in the forest. In South Jersey 
there is abundant bee pasturage. The locust, the linden, the 
catalpa, the chestnut, the red-maple, the hazel, laurel, huckle 
and blue-berries, grape vines, willows, holly, persimmon, mag- 
nolia and a host of other plants, yield honey, or pollen. From 
pollen bee-bread is manufactured on which the larve are fed. 
From buds, etc., the bees collect a viscid glue, or propolis, with 
which they strengthen their cells, and fill up the cracks in their 
hives as a protection against cold. 
In order to secure a fine type of bee it is necessary to sup- 
plant the native queen with one of a better variety, either 
Italian or Carniolan.* 
Besides gathering large quantities of honey, bees materially 
increase the fruit and seed crops by fertilizing the flowers. 
Poultry-raising is also an important subsidiary occupation. 
In the dry soil and mild climate of the Pines chickens and tur- 
keys, and along the rivers water-fowl, thrive, securing through- 
out a large portion of the year their own livelihood, and at the 
same time do incalculable service to the forest farmer in restrain- 
ing insects. 
It is, in short, through a combination of several of these indus- 
tries, which are minor only in name, that forestry and farming 
may become profitable on soil which is not naturally fertile and 
where many people own only small areas. 
The destruction of vast areas of forest without regard to the 
future has a deleterious sociological effect upon the standard of 
life and character of the people of such regions. In South 
*The domestic bee in America (4fis smellifica) was introduced by early settlers from Europe. They 
have multipled and become common, The Cyprian race from the Island of Cyprus has produced the 
largest yield of honey on record for a single colony in America. They are the most assiduous of bees, 
but are very sensitive and require great care in manipulation. The Italian variety is also famous and 
easier to handle. The gentlest of bees, however, is the gray race of the Mountains of Carniola (Krain, 
near the Adriatic) in Austria. This bee is steadily growing in tavor in America, See ‘‘ The Honey 
Bee,’’ by Frank Benton, publication of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 
{ While visiting the Dunes of Holland I was told that hens were successfully used to combat an 
insect which devoured the sedge which held the sand. They were kept on the dunes in large quantities 
and as early as three o’clock in the morning were actively at work. I was also told by several willow- 
growers in Europe that when their plantations become infested with insects they simply let in their 
chickens, which soon devour the bugs, One of the most beneficial fowls in this respect is the turkey. 
