KINGBIRD. 405 
This well-known, remarkable, and pugnacious bird takes up 
his summer residence in all the intermediate region from the 
temperate parts of Mexico to the uninhabited and remote inte- 
rior of Canada. In all this vast geographical range the King- 
bird seeks his food and rears his young. According to Audu- 
bon they appear in Louisiana by the middle of March; and 
about the 2oth of April Wilson remarked their arrival in 
_ Pennsylvania in small parties of five or six; but they are seldom 
seen in this part of New England before the middle of May. 
They are now silent and peaceable, until they begin to pair, 
and form their nests, which takes place from the first to the 
last week in May or early in June, according to the advance- 
ment of the season in the latitudes of 4o and 43 degrees. 
The nest is usually built in the orchard, on the horizontal 
branch of an apple or pear tree, sometimes in an oak, in the 
adjoining forest, at various heights from the ground, seldom 
carefully concealed, and firmly fixed at the bottom to the sup- 
porting twigs of the branch. The outside consists of coarse 
stalks of dead grass and wiry weeds, the whole well connected 
and bedded with cut-weed down, tow, or an occasional rope- 
yarn and wool; it is then lined with dry, slender grass, root 
fibres, and horse-hair. The eggs are generally 3 to 5, yel- 
lowish white, and marked with a few large, well-defined spots 
of deep and bright brown. They often build and hatch twice 
in the season. 
The Kingbird has no song, only a shrill, guttural twitter, 
somewhat like that of the Martin, but no way musical. At 
times, as he sits watching his prey, he calls to his mate with a 
harsh ¢shézp, rather quickly pronounced, and attended with 
some action. As insects approach him, or as he darts after 
them, the snapping of his bill is heard like the shutting of a 
watch-case, and is the certain grave of his prey. Beetles, 
grasshoppers, crickets, and winged insects of all descriptions 
form his principal summer food. I have also seen him col- 
lecting the canker-worms from the Elm. Towards autumn, as 
various kinds of berries ripen, they constitute a very consider- 
able and favorite part of his subsistence ; but with the excep- 
