PARASITES WHICH INVADE THE LIVER 103 
taneous tissue over the lumbar region and over the 
rump becomes cedematous and flabby to the touch. 
The eyes have a peculiar watery appearance, with 
cedema of the lids. Symptoms of jaundice may be 
apparent, arising from blocking of the bile-ducts. Ova 
may be found in the feeces. Death is by no means un- 
common at this period. 
About the end of January the symptoms become 
even more apparent, and appetite practically disappears. 
(Edema may now be almost entirely localized to the 
submaxillary space, and this is marked when the animal 
is grazing, but almost entirely disappears after a journey. 
Diarrhcea now sets in. Anzmia is extremely marked, 
and the number of red corpuscles present in the blood 
is enormously reduced. Ewes in lamb often abort about 
this time. 
Death may now greatly reduce the flock, but a number 
of the strongest and best-conditioned animals survive, 
and in these, about March or April, the parasites leave 
the liver and pass out with the faeces. 
In oxen the symptoms are similar, but are not usually 
so severe. In these animals the disease may last for 
years. 
Post-mortem Lesions.—The chief changes are seen in 
the liver itself, particularly in the bile-ducts. These 
show chronic inflammatory changes in the form of 
thickening of the walls, owing to the deposition of 
fresh connective tissue. It is not uncommon to find 
bile-ducts so distended as to reach } inch in thickness. 
Those nearer the surface cause projection of the capsule 
of the liver in the form of grey ridges, easily discernible 
before the liver is cut. As a result the liver tissue 
atrophies and becomes fatty. The bile-ducts contain a 
quantity of dark-coloured bile, often gritty, and, on 
squeezing, flukes may emerge. Adhesion of the visceral 
and serous layers of the peritoneum is common, while 
