IV 



The Hemipt era must be mentioned teoause of the rail- 

 producing Apliids (leaf-lice) and PeyllodeL fleaf-fllas) . 

 ^ere too we -cind thickened, curled or swollen leaves 

 (for example, on Crataegus, Fraxinus ) knot-like sv/ell- 

 ings on roots ( Phylloxe ra v astatrix on the roots of the 

 grape) and canker-like v/oolywexcrescences, for example 

 ^^ girus laalus and Fagus silvatica after colonization 

 ^7 Schisoneurs^ lanip:era fthe Tslood-louse) and Lachnus 

 exsiccator ( the beech- tree louse) . The shield lice, in 

 so far as they cause the forraetion of galls, produce ka- 

 taplasmas jn the form of oanlrer-like excrescences and 

 the like (on oaks and beeches. C occus Cambii and C. Fagi ) 

 but are of little significance, "l^'ther, the role . 

 played by bu^s (Rhynchota) , ,as \7ell as Coleoptera and 

 Lepidoptera as gall msecas is subordinate. The Hymen- 



optera (leaf wasps and gall' v/asps) almost exclusively 

 produce gllas^ of a prosoplasmatic character and will be 

 discussed later» Finally I will mention the gall of 

 a. Copenod (Crustaceae) on, Rhodymenia prJmata l 



We find plants in all groups of the plant king|ora , capable 

 of producing kataplastic galls. It is notev;orthy that the 

 lower plants bear galls exclusively of a kataplasnatic character, 

 while on higher ones, kataplasmatic and prosoplasmatic structure 

 abound. The above-named galls on marine algae are of very 

 simple structure e,nd indistinguishable histologically from the 

 (198) excrescences produced after injury, (See above p. 154). The 



same is apparently true of the galls of fungi, if I may include 

 here the abnormal tissues of Agaricus campestris ^produced by 

 the exciter of the "Molle", The gall S of woods and ferns, so 

 fer as known, are predominantly (or entirely?) of a kataplasma*- 

 tio nature. 2 



Kataplasmatic galls are found on all parts of plants*, roots 

 and sprouts, stalks, leaves, inflorescences and fruits are de- 

 formed by them. Proportions of siae and form, as above said, 

 vsiry within wide limits in galls of the same kind; sometimes 

 whole leaves are transformed; whole inflorescences and large 



1. Barton, J. of Bot. 1891 „ 



S. On diseased mushrooms, Mycogone rosea and Verticillium 

 are found as narasites. See also CostanT3.n and Dufour: La Molle, 

 raaladie de chl de couche. C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris 1892, T, CXIV, 

 p# 498. Costantin: Sur quelques maladies du blanc de Ch. Ibid, 

 p. 849, There also further literature references.- For galls on 

 xungi compare also Vogler, Insekten auf polyportis, Illustr. 

 Zeitschr. f, Entom. 1899, Bd. IV, p. 345, and others. 



3. For the forms of galls occurring in different pteridophy- 

 tes, DarbDux and Houard. Oatal. syst&m de Zoocfecidies (Paris 

 1901) Should be compared. It must rem.ain open to doubt i^vhether 

 the many chambered gall of P teridium aq uili num (not well laiown 

 to me) produced by a Oynipi'^e, also belongs among kataplasmas. 

 The "pseudo-bulbils (Strasburger' s, Sinige Bemerk. ub. Lycopo- 

 diaceen, Botan. 2eitg., 1873, Bd, XXXI , p. 105) produced on 

 Selaginella pentagona by a dipt era, are apparently kataplasmas. 

 For their morphological character, compare Strasburger' s work 

 already cited. 



