216 



The* diatribution of the nutritive parenchyina in galls 

 Is into various types. In the simplest and moBt frequent 

 case, an inner nutritive mantel is formed only within the me- 

 chanical tissue, is at once accessible for the occupants of the 

 gall, and is usu.ally unsparingly devoured by them. In more 

 complicated cases, abundant quantities of food stuffs are de- 

 posited outside the nechanical mantel, The cells of this outer 

 mantel, however, are not consumed by the gall animals, but 

 rather their contents become acoessiblt; for the larvae only by 

 breaking through the eolereid layer* 



(252) The form of the simple nutritive cells shows little var Id-- 

 tion, ■ Usually iso-dlametric elements are concerned here, elon- 

 gated, for example, into sao-llke forms in the elliptical galls 

 of Neur 1 r us le nt i cul ^rr i a . I found very delicate, elongated 

 oe^-l threads, comparable to branched algae, in the outer nutri- 

 tive mantel of an undetermined Cynipldes gall of quercus Wisli- 

 geni ffigure 114 St), Uhile the nutritive tissues in general 

 usually consist of a dense parench;;?ma, wide intercellular spaces 

 remain free in the outer nutritive mantel of this gall. The 

 form of the nutritive tissues, as a whole, ts connected in gen- 

 eral with that of the meohanicr.l mental,, or of the entire gall. 



In regard to the cell contents , t^to different zones of nu- 

 tritive tissue usually come under consideration in highly or- 

 ganized Cynipidos galls. 



The cells of the Innermost layer©, on which the larvae feed, 

 contain regularly a cloudy, dense cytoplasma, in which numerous 

 small drops of fat are often mixed. 7/e term this innermost 

 layer the? protein layer > Figure 115 shows 3 cross-section thrnugh 

 the maple leaf grail' 6i' ged iaspis Aiaeris ; all the cells are thm 

 walled, the outermost being rather small, the innermost strik- 

 ingly large. The cells bordering directly on the larval cavity 

 are filled with a cloudy mixture of cytoplasma and fatty oil. 

 There rre here and there a few clear vacuoles in the emulsion. 

 (253) In most galls, several layers are found, the cells of which are 

 filled in the same \/ay vdth proteins etc. If e- mechanical man- 

 tel is also developed, the nutritive tissue lies, of course, 

 inside the sclereid tissue. 



Starch also should come under consideration. In any kind 

 of gait's - In many kataplasmas and in many Erineum galls - 

 ataroh is usually present in abundance and always lies outside 

 the pfotein layer. We term It briefly the starch layer. Either 

 both the protein and starch layers belong to the ™^» SJJ-J' ,jy" 

 ing therefore insiae the sclereid tissue, or the starch tissue 

 Is deposited partially or entirely in the gall bark, .^he ellip- 

 tical galls of our native oaks ( Heurotenis lenticular i s etc.) 

 Store up the greater part of the Trlarvul food oif:^^^:^^. *^^^^^- 

 chanical mantel , - at times, almost the entire gall bark repre- 

 sents ^ gigantic reservoir of food stuffs. {^I^ especially com- 

 plicated case is that illustrated In figure 114; the starch 

 layer (St) lies about the inner mechanical mantel and on it a 

 second mechanical mantel. 



It should^noted that the contents of the nutritive cells, 

 which contain starch, are dissolved before being ixsed, ana, 

 according to Beverinck's investigations, are converted into 

 proteins and fats. 



