21? 



In the nutritive tissue of manir galls two striking 

 bodies are found, in the cell contents^ vifhich Hartwich''^^ 

 has thoroughly investigated , Besides balls of "tanaic 

 substanoep", to which I vdll return later in brief, cysto- 

 ligh-llke forran are pIso found, which give the reaction of 

 wood and which v/e, with Hart^ioh, '.;111 term lippfiin bodies . 

 According to Hfirtwich, they are produced at the corners, 

 where several cells oome together, as local thickenings 

 of the walls (fig, 116a} swelling up to sphero-crystalline 

 tubers and finally taking into requisition the entire cell 

 (fig. 116b), Also, in Ir.ter developraental stages, the con- 

 centric arrangement of their layers is often very distinct. 

 They color red with phloro-glucin and hydrochloric acid - 

 not Rll the Iryers equally quickly nor equally intensively. 



(254) It is still uncertain whether the llgnin bodies r.re 



of any stjeoial significance for the oooupftnts of the galls. 

 Doubtless they are consumed by the larvae, bujg it seems Iffl- 

 probable that they contain nutritive material , They have 

 been found as yet only in a liraitod number of galls, in 

 fact only in the Cynipides galls of various speoies of 

 ' Oueroiis. 'Hartwioh mentions them in the galls of Cynips 



tinotoria . (on Q uerous infect or la) of Qynipg li^nlooia and 

 in an undetermined Texan gall on Clu. virens. .I^urther, I 

 found the same structures in the rralls of C ^mips st robliana 

 and Ch ilaspis nitida (the letter on Qu. Cerris ). The cells 

 provHed'wifli llgnin bodies either form a ooniinuous laj^er 

 in the nutritive tissue of the galls (as in the galls of 

 C. tinotoria etc.) or nay be found in groups here and there 

 outside the mechanical mantel, in the gall bark (ripe galls 

 of Ohilaepia nitida) . 



Although the cells of the nutritive tissue are gnawed by 

 by the ga,ll animals, secondary phenomena of gra-th mp,y at times 

 be enacted in them. Either hypertrophic or hyperplastic changes 

 may occur in them. Beverinck (loc, oit. p. 84, 113) has deter- 

 mined in the elliptical gall of the oak that the sclereids 

 thickened on one side, which were mentioned above, may supple- 

 mentarilv grow out to resemble tjrloses, while the part of the 

 epidermis which has remained delicate, undergoes a strong super- 

 ficial growth, thereby causing the production of a secondary 

 nutritive tissue. 



In other cases the cell material, upon whiffih the gall ani- 

 mals feed is replaced by a ner outgrf^/th, resembling callus as 

 in the gall of Uematus yal lisnerii - which Frank'^ investigated 

 developmentally,-' and still others. 



Besides those tissues which protect and nourish *^e 5^°^? 

 pants of the gall, all others in the galls plav ^^"^^^y |\^^°^^f ' 

 ate part. 7e may content ourselves with a brief description ot 



them. _«*------ 



l"u;b: Ge^bstoffkugeln i.^LigiiinkStper injl Wahrungsschicht 

 der Infect or ia-Galle. Ber.d.3).Bot. {5es.,1885, Bd. Ill, p. a*d- 



^ Recent investigations have lur.de improbable tny ^^5;^^?^^??" 

 pressed point of view (Beitr. z. Anat, etc. Ij*' f ;$iVS nutri- 

 lignin bodies like the carbo-hydrates and proteids of the nutri 

 tive parenchyma furnish food stiLffs for the gall-insects. 



^ Krankh. d. Pfl.. 2. Aufl,, Bd, III, p. 201. 



