20 DEAIKA&E 01 THE STABLE. 



outside of the opening. Where it ia impracticable to cut 

 through in the manner directed, the difficulty may be obviated 

 by carrying tubes made of iron or wood, through the roof, 

 taking care to cover the upper opening of the tube with per- 

 forated caps. A corresponding number of openings of the 

 same size are next to be made through the waU. helimd the 

 horses. These openings must be cut withiu a few inches of 

 the ground, and protected by grates fixed on the outside, as 

 directed above. Each opening must terminate in a square 

 tube, placed within the stable. Each tube must be five feet 

 high, having an upright position, and secured to the wall by 

 means of holdfasts. They should be five or six inches square, 

 having three sides of wood, the fourth being formed by the wall 

 against which they are fixed. On the top of every tube, fix a 

 thick plate of zinc, weU perforated with small holes. Should 

 these tubes admit more air into the stable than requisite, slides 

 of wood may be inserted in place of the perforated plates, and 

 the air currents checked either whoUy or in part. The above 

 is a very excellent plan to ventilate a stable ; but stablemen 

 require watching, or many of them, unless prevented, will keep 

 the tubes permanently closed. They want a close stable, and 

 they cannot be prevailed upon to adopt any other method. 



VI. — Deaikage of the Stable. — A stable to be free from 

 bad smells arising from the decomposition of urine, and other 

 offensive matters, must not only be thoroughly ventilated, but 

 thoroughly drained also, and the drainage conducted to some 

 distance from the premises. I have elsewhere described the 

 position of the various surface channels, for conducting the 

 urine into the underground drain. Below the main surface 

 channel, and in a line parallel with it, place the underground 

 drain. Joint and socket pipes are the best for small drains. 



