TYPHOID PNEUMONIA. 233 



probably be from 15 to 20 per minute, and are very superficial ; 

 and if the thumb be suddenly forced between the ribs of the 

 chest, the animal will emit a low, suppressed grunt, which may 

 be succeeded by a short fit of coughing. If the ear be applied 

 to the course of the windpipe, a faint mucous rS,le wUl probably 

 be detected ; while in the chest the respiratory murmur may 

 perhaps be suppressed, or heard but very faintly on one side, 

 and but partly on the other. 



Causes. — Typhoid Pneumonia never prevails except during 

 the prevalence of Epizootic Catarrh. It is the most malignant 

 and the most fatal lq confined, closely-crowded, and iU-ventilated 

 stables. In such stables, this disease generally proves a direful 

 scourge. It is, as previously observed, very deceptive at the com- 

 mencement : it begins so quickly, and progresses so iasidiously. 



The ultimate causes of the malady are very obscure. It 

 may be that Epidemic Catarrh is the efiect of some noxious 

 atmospheric agent being imbibed into the blood during the 

 respiratory act, whereby the vital fluid becomes contaminated ; 

 which contamination, being aided by bad ventilation, overcrowd- 

 ing of the stable, and other influences which depress the vital 

 system. Typhoid Pneumonia results. Whether the above be 

 a true explanation or not, the fact of the disease being the 

 most prevalent and the most fatal in over-crowded and badly- 

 ventilated stables, is sufficient to impress upon every one the 

 necessity of good ventilation, and of not crowding too many 

 horses together, especially during the prevalence of epidemic 



CoMPi/iOATiONS. — It is seldom this disease confines its 

 ravages to the organs of the chest alone. In all cases it is 

 associated with Epizootic Catarrh. I have also found it asso- 

 ciated with asthenic inflammatory disease of the serous and 



