MANUAL OF THE APIARY. 



69 



days — the joyous honey-moon — soon to come. In this stage 

 the insect may look like a seed ; as in the coarctate pupa of 

 diptera, so familiar in the "flax-seed" state of the Hessian-fly, 

 or in the pupa of th^ cheese-maggot or the meat-fly. This 

 same form, with more or less modification, prevails in butterfly 

 pupae, called, because of their golden spots, chrysalids, and 

 in the pupae of moths. Other pupae, as in case of bees (Fig. 

 13, g) and beetles, look not unlike the mature insect with its 

 Fig. 13. 



Pupa, or Nymph of Bee, slightly magnified. 



antennae, legs, and wings closely bound to the body by a thin 

 membrane, hence the name which Linne gave — referring to 

 this condition — as the insect looks as if wrapped in swaddling 

 clothes, the old cruel way of torturing the infant, as if it 

 needed holding together. Aristotle called pupae nymphs — 

 a name now given to this stage in bees — which name was 

 adopted by many entomologists of the seventeeth and 

 eighteenth centuries. Inside the pupa skin great changes are 

 in progress, for either by modifying the larval organs or 

 developing parts entirely new, by use of the accumulated 

 material stored by the larva during its prolonged banquet, 

 the wonderful transformation from the sluggish, worm-like 

 larva to the active, bird-like imago is accomplished. Some- 

 times the pupa is surrounded by a silken cocoon, either thick, 

 as the cocoon of some moths, or thin, as are the cocoons of 

 bees. These cocoons are spun by the larvae as their last toil 

 before assuming the restful pupa state. The length of time 



