62 GEOLOGICAL AGE AND FORMATION. 



years, are as sound as ever they were ; and it would seem 

 as if most of the timber which had ever grown in these 

 swamps was still preserved in them. Trunks of trees are 

 found buried at all depths beneath the surface, quite down 

 to the gravel ; and so thick, that in many places a number 

 of trials will have to be made before a sounding-rod can be 

 thrust down without striking against them. Tree after 

 tree, from two hundred to one thousand years old, may be 

 found lying crossed one under the other in every imagina- 

 ble direction. Some of them are partly decayed, as if they 

 had died and remained standing for a long time, and then 

 been broken down. Others have been blown down, and 

 their upturned roots are still to be seen. Some which have 

 been blown down, have continued to grow for a long time 

 afterwards, as is known by the heart being very much 

 above the centre, and by the wood on the under side being 

 hard and hoxy. These trunks are found lying in every 

 direction, as if they had fallen at different times, as trees 

 would in a forest now. The view of fallen timber which 

 is here presented was sketched in the swamp of Mr, Henry 

 Ludlam, near Dennisville. The living timber was cut off 

 fifty years ago, and the swamp earth being exposed to the 

 sun and air, has decayed from around the timber which 

 was buried, and thus brought some of the uppermost sticks 

 to view. It is not known how many others there may be 

 under these, as there is still six feet of the swamp earth 

 undecayed. 



In this view, if we begin at the left hand, we notice the 

 cut end of a small log, which lies across a second ; this 

 second has its broken and shivered end resting on a third 



