CONSTITUTION OF THE EXCHANGES 8i 



bitings cannot achieve any marked success. He must have 

 considerable administrative ability and know how to handle 

 men. As the packing house in many ways resembles a 

 factory, the manager must possess technical skill, must be 

 able to organize his mechanical and labor force efficiently, 

 and besides superintend the wider business aspects of the 

 association, such as buying supplies and keeping in touch 

 with the market. In short, a loosely formed group such 

 as a citrus association requires leadership if much is to be 

 accomplished, and the manager should furnish it. 



There is some reason for thinking that it might be prefer- 

 able to elect the manager by a direct vote of the member- 

 ship rather than delegate the choice to the board of directors. 

 If elected by a popular vote, the manager might feel that 

 he had more solid support in his w^ork. Members also would 

 more readily follow the lead of a manager whom they had 

 been directly instrumental in electing. But what would be 

 the result if two candidates for the managership were al- 

 most equally popular with the members, if the contest be- 

 came keen, and one was finally elected by a narrow 

 majority? This situation might easily arise, and in that 

 case the association would be in a worse state than if the 

 manager had been appointed by the directors. Another 

 point is that a manager chosen by the membership would 

 tend to take a position of leadership in the association, while 

 a manager chosen by the directors might tend to be sub- 

 servient to them, to curry favor with them as a bid to re- 

 appointment, rather than care for the interests of the 

 association as a whole. In other words, the manager is 

 in a position to know and should know advantageous pack- 

 ing and shipping policies better than the directors, and he 

 may be prevented from making the best use of his knowl- 

 edge if he feels compelled to take orders from an employer 

 in the form of a board of directors. However, we are not 



