GERMANY. 391 



mains, theretore, only to take the different types as we now find tliem 

 arid describe them without any attempt at classification. 



I The Neckab Eacb. 



This is the leading type of cattle in the Kingdom of Wurtemberg. 

 It is of red color, of large and rather heavy body and deep belly. Other 

 points of description may be gathered from the annexed cut. The live 

 weight of a cow is from l,100.to 1,300 pounds. This race exceeds the 

 Simmenthaler in the amount of milk furnished, is equally well adapted 

 for the butcher, but inferior as draft-animals. When fattened they 

 reach a weight of nearly 2,000 pounds. The calves are anusually large 

 and heavy when born. 



II. — The Simmenthalee Race. 



This race is indigenious in the valley of the Simme, Switzerland, and 

 is the race mainly used in Southern Germany to improve the German 

 cattle. Its leading features are : Head small and light, with gentle yet 

 lively expression ; horns fine and good, pointed forward and upward ; 

 neck short ; body well rounded in the ribs ; rump broad and long ; tail 

 usually sitting high ; color generally red, but often variegated ; weight 

 averages 1,500 pounds tor cows and from 2,400 to 2,600 pounds tor bulls. 

 Observations concerning the increase of weight made at Hohenheim, in 

 the Simmen Valley, gave the following results : Animals of one-fourth 

 to one year were fed daily 19 pounds of hay- value, while their average 

 weight was 475 pounds. Heifers, in theiv second year, received 22 

 pounds daily, their average weight being 700 pounds. Cows, big with 

 calf, in their third year, averaging in weight 1,000 pounds, were given 

 in feed 28 pounds hay-value per day. The increase of weight was as 

 follows for each 100 pounds of hay-value consumed : With animals of 

 one-fourth to one year, 7.94 pounds ; with animals of one to two years, 

 6.12 pounds ; with animals of two to three years, 3.82 pounds. Observa- 

 tions continued during a whole year of rational feeding and its results 

 made with this kind of cattle showed the following results, viz : Quan- 

 tity of food consumed 17,193 pounds of hay- value, or 47.2 pounds daily, 

 or, taking an average weight of 1,500 pounds, 3.14 pounds for each 100 

 pounds of body weight. 



(It may be proper to state at this point that the expression "hay- 

 value," used in the foregoing statement, means the nutritive properties 

 of the different kinds of feed reduced to the nutritive value of hay.) 



The cows so fed yielded an average quantity of 1,823J quarts (of 4 

 pounds each) of milk and one calf of an average weight of 96 pounds. 



The fattening of this cattle is accomplished with hay and salt alone, 

 the hay in that country being far richer than that of the prairies. The 

 principal markets for fat cattle are Saanen, Chateau d'Oeux, and Eouge- 



mont. 



III.— The Lehboueo Race. 



This type is fonnd in the Belgian province of Limbourg and in a part 

 of Wurtemberg, notably in the districts of Gaildorf, Aalen, Gmuild, and 

 in the valleys of the Both and Leine. The color of this type is silvery- 

 ■ yelloWj with now and then a white spot on the forehead. The hide is 

 very fine and pliable, making usually numerous folds on the neck, run- 

 ning from the well-developed dew-lap to the top. The head is long, 

 narrow, and often shows a curved profile. The horns are fine, round, 



