416 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 



Cattle slmos.— This institation, imported from England, meets hero 

 with great approbation, and has developed itself since 1830 (when the 

 first cattle show was held near Brake) very favorably, so that now in 

 nearly every district of the marshes annual cattle shows take place, 

 which serve greatly to improve, by comparing the result of the different 

 breeds, and the manner of breeding in the diflerent districts. 



The cattle in the duchy and Bast Friesland may be divided into— 



(a) Cattle raised on the marshes of the river Weser. 



U)) Those raised raised in Jeverland. 



fc) Those raised in East Friesland. 



{d) Those raised in Geestlands. 



(a) The marshes on the river Weser embrace the district of Brake, 

 Budjadingeu, and Elsfleth, bounded on the north and northeast by the 

 North Sea, on the east by the river Weser, and on the west by the river 

 Jade.* The cattle raised in these districts are called in the interior the 

 Oldenburg or Budjadinger race, and are in great demand for breeding 

 purposes nearly everywhere. Although the cattle are more or less re- 

 lated to the races raised in Holland and East Friesland, they possess 

 distinct marks which characterize their origin. The head, for example, 

 does not agree with the Holland breed ; the forehead, the cheeks, and 

 the parts of the mouth are broader, and the head is shorter ; the mouf h 

 shows a dark, but" not black pigment; the palate roof of the mouth 

 shows the same ; the horns of most animals are short with an outward 

 curve, and sometimes on young animals are rather strongly developed ; 

 the formation of the forepart of the body shows also a difference with 

 the Holland breed, falsely called in the United States the Holstein 

 breed. 



Whilst the pure Holland breed shows a back view which promise 

 good milkers, the breeders thereof appear to have overlooked the de- 

 velopment of the fore parts, whereas the cattle in the marshes show a 

 wide and deep breast, well formed, close shoulders and broad withers, 

 with ribs, which, since th^ introduction of the herd-book, take more 

 and more the round barrel-form ; the backbone appears long to satis- 

 faction, and shows in its construction good formation of kidneys and 

 hips, and very seldom now shows an inclination of curving downwards 

 (hollow back) 5 the croup or hind quarter between the hips corresponds 

 with type peculiar to the cattle of the marshes, but sometimes might 

 be longer ; by careful breeding the root of the tail has greatly improved 

 in its situation 5 formerly showing a more or less tendency to be promi- 

 nent, it now hardly raises above the straight backbone line; the shanks 

 of a good cow of the marshes present themselves full fleshed, and tho 

 flesh between the shanks sinks sufficiently deep. 



The fat cattle in the Weser marshes never prove delusive in their 

 weight, in general they deliver larger weight than they promise while 

 living. The udder and milk-tokens are in most allcases'well developed, 

 and are never known to deceive ; wherefore the cow of the marshes may 

 be put down as a good milker, the particulars of which will be shown 

 in the table annexed. 



The district in which the Jeverland race is bred embraces the dis- 

 trict of Jeverland on the left bank of the river Jade ; its boundaries are : 

 on the north, the North Sea ; on the west. East Friesland ; on the south, 

 the district of Varel ; and on the east, the river Jade. The cattle produce 

 of this district embraces dairy products, rearing calves tor breeding pur- 

 poses, and fattening for slaughtering. In their whole appearance these 

 cattle show in a much larger degree than the Budjadinger cattle tlieir 

 near relation, to the cattle raised in the north part of Holland. The 



