GEEMANY. 419 



the prices %vcre remarkably higher, from 10 to 50 per cent., according 

 to their descent and quality. Purchasers must be very careful in buy- 

 ing the pure-bred Oldenburg cattle. Many a head of cattle passes for 

 the pure Oldenburg race, as the Holstein cattle from Holland, which 

 never saw Oldenburg nor Holstein. 



EXPOET OP CATTLE TO THE UNITED STATES. 



As to the best way of transporMng cattle to the United States, this 

 is done by the way of Brabe-IJrordenham to Bremerhaven, thence by 

 steam to New York, Baltimore, or New Orleans. The freight for a full- 

 grown beast ^111 amount to about $30 to $36, in the common way of 

 shipping. The cost for transport and maintenance whilst on the voyage 

 would amount to about $5 to $10 per head. Including feeding and wait- 

 ing on board. This cannot, however, be exactly stated, as much de- 

 pends on the number of animals sent. If many are to be sent, then a 

 waiter is necessary, who would cost, passage going and coming included, 

 about $100, more or less, according to the accommodation required. The 

 same amount to ship by way of Hamburgh, or by way of Amsterdam 

 or Eotterdam for cattle from East Friesland. 



POETKAITS OF OLDENBURG AND EAST PEISIAN CATTLE. 



In order to compare the cattle bred in the marshes with other animals 

 bred in Holland, France, and England, I transmit herewith several pho- 

 tographs of the Oldenburg and East Frisian race, prize cattle at the 

 agricultural fair at Hamburg this year. 



No. 1 of the accompanying photographs represents an Oldenburg bull 

 of rather the old style, short and rather clumsy in bones. He does not 

 answer the requirements of the herd-boob union. The formation of 

 the head and neck is coarse and fails in beauty. The parts of the 

 shoulders and the formation of the ribs certainly are well developed, 

 but the root of the tail lies too high; the hind quarters are hardly sat- 

 isfying ; the formation of the flesh near the ankle-bones or spring-joints 

 is not full enough. The animal shows crooked hind legs, although the 

 ankle-bones are normal. The animal is.too short, and the line of the 

 back answers but imperfectly the requirement of the herd-book union. 

 The animal shows but few good milk -tokens, but more the signs of be- 

 ing easily fattened. He was raised on an estate between Brake and Old- 

 enburg, on a mixed soil. His color is black and white, with a white 

 star on the forehead. 



No. 2 of the accompanying photographs is a cow of the pure Oldenburg 

 breed. Owing to the unlucky position in which the waiter kept her 

 head, she does not represent herself so favorably as might be wished. 

 This is much to be regretted, as the picture does not give a good idea 

 of the form of the beast, which is one of the best sort, with a very 

 straight-lined backbone. Finer hip-joints or thighs are seldom met 

 with. The ankle, leg-bones, and spring-joints are normal, and for her 

 race she has a very flue head and breast; the depth of the latter is such 

 as formerly was seldom met with. The form of the shoulders, ribs, 

 hips, hind quarters, and thighs are such as is required by the herd-book 

 union. The milk-tokens are very good and do not deceive. Her color 

 is black and white, with white star on the forehead. 



No. 3; a full-blooded Shorthorn cow about four years old. This ani- 

 mal was bred in the vicinity of Brake, and answers in form, &c., those 

 demands which are required of this race. She was, at the time of the 



