GERMANY. 439 



istics of the breed, as it is foand in Frankish Bavaria. The head is 

 borne less proudly, the eyes are less bright, and the horns are lesssym- 

 metrical. The neck is short and stout, the back strong and rather long, 

 the chest and rump l)road, the body deep, the ribs barrel-shaped, the 

 bag nearer square than round, the teats long and with a tendency to 

 flatness, and the color varying^ from a dark brown to a whitish yellow. 

 They are not dainty in respect to food, and easily adapt themselves to 

 changes of location and diet. The cows of this breed reach a living 

 weight of from 900 to 1,200 pounds. They average about 2,500 quarts 

 (6,000 pounds) of milk per year, the milk being rich, and the quantity 

 continuing without much variation until the animals are from twelve to 

 sixteen years. While at pasture it is reckoned that about 10 or 11 

 quarts of their milk produce about 1 pound of butter, while in winter 

 from 12 to 15 quarts are necessary. It is. also estimated that with these 

 cows 100 pounds of hay produce 25 quarts of milk and 2J pounds of 

 butter. 



The Heilbronner breed. — The Heilbronner cattle, which appear in 

 Meiningen, are excellent milk-givers, some of them producing as many 

 as 16 quarts daily, but the average is about 10 quarts. The milk is 

 rich, and they can usually be milked until about four weeks before the 

 time of calving. On an average about 10 quarts of their milk is re- 

 quired for 1 pound of butter or for 5 pounds of cheese. They are more 

 compact than the cattle of the Allgauer breed. Their color is not uni- 

 form, but varies from a dark red to a yellowish hue. They have a 

 , well shaped body, a deep and broad chest, a heavy rump, a smallish 

 head, bright eyes, short, smooth, whitish horns, fine hair, symmetrical 

 legs, and a brisk motion. They weigh from 750 to 1,000 pounds, the 

 ox being about 300 pounds, and the bull 500 pounds heavier than the 

 cow. 



The Glan breed. — The Glan cattle, which are really the cattle of the 

 country, are somewhat rougher-looking animals than either of the 

 breeds already mentioned, and this is doubtless owing, in part, to the 

 less favorable circumstances in which they live. Their origin is respect- 

 able, since they came from pairing the red Swiss with the old and now 

 extinct native Thuringian cattle, but hard usage and a somewhat rig- 

 orous regime have eliminated many of the finer qualities of their ances- 

 tors. They are stout, rough-haired, dirty-hued, unintelligent-looking 

 animals, varying in size from that of the compact Jersey to the average 

 American ox. The weight of the cow is from 700 to 1,000 pounds, the 

 ox 1,100 pounds, and the bull 1,400 pounds. They are supposed to 

 attain their maturity at the age of five years, but they show no failure 

 of strength and productiveness until they are from eleven to fifteen 

 years old. They average about 9 quarts of milk and one-half pound of 

 butter per day. 



SIZING CATTLE IN THUEINGIA. 



Cattle are sized in this country by taking their height from the ground 

 to the top of the fore shoulder, as horses are sized in most countries. 

 The girth is never taken into account. The Allgauer and Heilbronner 

 cow stands about 140 centimeters (4 feet 2 inches), and the bull and the 

 ox about 150 centimeters (4 feet 6 inches). The Glan cow stands about 

 145 centimeters, and the ox and bull about 155 centimeters. 



cows AS drAft-oattlb. 



A noticeable feature of industrial life in this region is tbe almost uni- 

 versal use of the cow as a draft animal. In the labor of the farm 



