454 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 



fort. It is reported that the freight for these oxen, inclusive of 20 

 marks ($5) duty, amounts, from Milan to Mannheim, to 70 marks ; conse- 

 quently about 5 marks per hundred weight on the hoof, and the dealer, 

 theretore, without calculating losses through accident, makes a gain of 

 3.5 marks per hundred weight, at which high rate of proflt it seems 

 probable that the dealer may have paid a portion of the duty. 



But this new competition will not prove permanently dangerous, as 

 the quality of the meat of the Italian ox does not come up to that of 

 the ox raised in Wurtemberg, and does not keep so well. The low 

 prices in Italy are ascribed to the fact that Austrian cattle are prohib- 

 ited in Germany, and the fattened cattle from Austria, instead of going 

 directly thither as formerly, are now said to pass first through Italy. 

 On the other hand another very important element is to be noted in re- 

 gard to our cattle trade, viz, the supplying of beef to the Parisian market 

 from France exclusively, as has been the case for some time past. 



CATTLE TEADE AT CALW. 



From Calw it is reported : "The prices of cattle are everywhere good, 

 and constitute, with bops, the principal source of income of the farmer. 

 In consequence of the use of spoiled provender the hoof disease seems 

 to have quite generally attacked the cattle. Although it is easily treated, 

 it has yet caused great disturbance in the cattle trade. This trade has 

 been a lively one during' the entire year past, fat and fleshy cattle being 

 always in demand and fat oxen, which form a principal article of ex- 

 port from the southwestern part of the Black Forest, being sold direct 

 at the fairs and out of their stalls by the peasants to butchers and whole- 

 sale dealers. Milch cows and cows about to calve were also in demand 

 and brought good prices. 



CATTLE-FAIRS IN 1862. 



To five cattle-fairs in Heilbronn were brought 92 bulls for breeding, 

 1,162 fattened oxen, 1,744 draft oxen, 2,212 bulls, 2,254 milch eows, 1,327 

 head of young cattle, 3,900 pigs, 126 horses. In Hall were brought to 

 market 4,387 oxen,, 3,026 cows, 3,269 head small cattle ; whereof were 

 sold 2,812 oxen, 1,663 cows, 1,860 head small cattle, witii a total prodinct 

 of 1,756,393 marks. To the three cattle-fairs in Kunzelsau were brought 

 1,209, sold 400 head, with a product of 81,461 marks ; average price per 

 hundred weight on hoof: Fattened cattle, 36 marks ; draft-cattle, 21 

 marks j young cattle, 18 marks. To the cattle-fair in Ehingen, 1,156 

 head were brought. At seven cattle-fairs in Calw were sold about 500 

 head of cattle, 300 to 400 horses, and about 1,500 pigs. In Nagold were 

 sold 482 oxen, 853 cows and small cattle, 1,889 pigs, with a total produce 

 of 339,307 marks. In Eottweil were bceaght to ten fairs, 796 horses, 

 2,805 oxen, 2,365 cows, 3,298 yearlings, 644 bulls, 160 goats, whereof 

 there were sold on an average two-tMrds. 



CLIMATE OF WUKTEMBEEG. 



The Kingdom of Wurtemberg lies at a varying elevation of from 135 

 to 1,151 meters (on the average 500 meters) above the level of the sea, 

 and extends from 25° 32' 20" to 28° 9' 36" east longitude, and from 47° 

 35' to 490 35' 30" north latitude. 



The mean temperature for the last ten years averaged + G.7Q E6aumur 

 the year round ; in spring, + 6.4° ; summer, + 13.9° ; autumn, + 6.9°. 

 and m winter, — 0.2° E. 7 ? 1 > 



