GERMANY. 459 



Besides "Backstein" cheese round cheese (Eandkase) is manufact- 

 ured. Also here the milk is curdled at 33° Celsius and worked to 40° 

 Celsius. 



Bound cheese is sold at present at 80 pfennigs; "Backstein" cheese 

 at 60 pfennigs, and butter at 2.20 to 2.40 marks per kilogram, while 

 peasants' butter sells only at 1.60 marks. The yield of cheese amounts 

 from 9 to 10 kilograms of Backstein, and a little less round cheese, from 

 every 100 kilograms of milk. 



The whey is given to the milk furnishers, who take back on every 

 3 kilograms of furnished milk 2 kilograms of whey, and on every 10 

 kilograms of milk 1 kilogram of buttermilk, which remains perfectly 

 sweet. 



From the " Kasereilokal," in which, besides the cheese- vat, are placed 

 the butter kneader, the stretching table, and the press, we come to the 

 machine hall, where, in addition to the horizontal steam engine, the 

 pump and the churn are placed. In a separate room stands the boiler, 

 which is heated with Euhr lump coals. The daily consumption of coal 

 is 2 centners, which, at Aichstetten, costs 1^ marks per centner. The 

 entire space underneath is occupied by the cheese cellars, which are 

 high and well ventilated and fulfill all the necessary conditions for the 

 proper ripening of the cheese. 



The whole establishment, with its carefully- scoi^red cement floors, and 

 the cleanliness prevailing everywhere, gives a very favorable impres- 

 sion, as compared with the old, smoke-blackened, cheese-kitchens of 

 the AUgau district. 



CTnder the roof are apartments for the cheese-maker and the appren- 

 tices, and room for storing wood, &c. 



The dairy was opened on the 5th of July, 1880. The entire plant cost 

 25,628 marks, the chief items of which are the building, 11,710 marks; 

 the steam-engine, the boiler, and the fountain, 7,255 marks; the inte- 

 rior fittings, 4,539 marks ; the ice cellar, 707 marks, and sundries, 1,364 

 marks. To cover these outlays a loan was raised under the joint and 

 individual guarantee of all the members of the association. Accord- 

 ing to section 12 of the statutes, on every kilogram of milk furnished 

 to the dairy 1 pfennig is due to the treasury of the association. One- 

 half of the money thus raised is applied to payment of interest and the 

 canceling of the loan, while the other half goes to defraying current 

 expenses and to the accumulation of a reserve fund. On every kilo- 

 gram of furnished milk members receive on account 9 pfennigs ; what- 

 ever beyond that is obtained by the management is paid to them yearly 

 as their share of the profit, after the deduction of all charges. The 

 quantity of milk daily used averages 1,500 kilograms. The price per 

 kilogram amounts to 12J pfennigs, without the whey. Every kilogram 

 is taxed 1.3 pfennigs for the expenses of the association. 



This new enterprise, to which His Majesty the King, upon the sugges- 

 tion of the ministry of the interior, has granted a considerable subsidy 

 from thefandoftheroyalcentralstelle for agriculture, shows, after almost 

 two years of existence, a steady, thrifty progress. As the best proof of 

 the recognition it finds among the people it maybe stated that the mem- 

 bership of the association has increased from eight to thirty, owning in 

 all two hundted and eighty-five cows. The association exercises, both 

 directly or indirectly, a salutary influence upon the revenue of its mem- 

 bers, who thus obtain an assured and more profitable sale of their milk, 

 while the growing of ' provender and breeding of cattle are improved. 

 But not less important is the favorable influence which such an as- 

 sociation may exercise in a moral point of view on its members as well 



