GERMANY. 477 



district of Southwest Palatinate, and on a small strip ou tlie east line of the Haa);dt 

 Mountains. 



Sandstone : Sandstone formations exist in the substratum (jf the following sections 

 of the country : (1) Marly sandstones alternate in tl.e south Bavarian plateau of tlio 

 districts of Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria, and Swabia. (2) In the Kouper Mount-, 

 ains of Middle, Lower, and Upper Franconia ; also in i)arts of the Palatinate. (3) 

 Clay slate alternates in tlie northwest parts of the l^iuhtel Mountains and in the 

 Franconia forests. (4) In the Spesshardt and adjoiuinf; sections of Lower Franoonia. 

 (5) Mixed with basalt, in the Rhone Mountains of Lowtr Franconia. (6) In the 

 Haardt Mountains of the Palatluato. (7) In the coal districts of the western Pala- 

 tinate. 



Granite : Granite and mountain rook (gneiss nniealato) comjiose the substratum 

 in the following districts: (1) In the Bavarian and Nenburger forests .and Lower 

 Bavaria. (2) In the forests of Upper Palatinate, alojig the line of BAhemia. (3) lu 

 the middle of the Fichtel Mountains, and in the Muuchburg gneiss circle, district of 

 U])per Franconia. (4} In the Lower Spesshardt, near Lower Franconia and Asohaf- 

 lenburg. 



Clay : Clay-stone (clay-slate, coal-slate, potter-slate) is found : (1) In the northern 

 p.irt of Upper Palatinate (environ of Waldsassen). (2) In the clay-slate district of 

 the Fichtel Mountains and Franconia forests (Upper Franconia).' (3) Mixed with 

 sandstone in the Keuper districts of Upper, Middle, and Lower Franconia, here and 

 there in the, Upper Palatinate. (4) In the coal mimutains of the western Pala- 

 tinate. (5) In the northern part of the Bavarian plateau, i)articularly near Straub- 

 ing, Pfaffenhofen, in the main district of Lower Franconia, and in the plain of the 

 Rhine Valley. 



Gravel : Gravel in a conglomerated form is found in the territories mentioned as of 

 alluvial soil, i)rinoipally at the base of the Alps extending through the districts of 

 Upper and Lower Bavaria and Swabia. 



• 



CULTIVATED GRASSES. 



Timothy : Timothy {Fhleum pratense) is cultivated in preference, but not often, in 

 those districts where there are no meadows, mixed with clover and other grasses for 

 the development of new meadows. According to the cultural statistics of the year 

 1878 in Bavaria 10.1 per cent, of the total average is cultivated as grazing laud for 

 •cattle. 



Clover : Red clover {Trifolmm pratense) is cultivated most, and mono])olizes tlie 

 largest acreage of land. It is used green or as dried clover hay. For green fodder in 

 Franconia, the Steyormarker green clover is preferred. Red clover prospers in nearly 

 all kinds of soil Where the vegetation of this specialty, because of too frequent oulti^ 

 vation, has become uncertain ; there the Swedish clover {TrifoUum liyiridum) is cul- 

 tivated with success. White clover is chiefly cultivated for speoially-madia sheep 

 pastures. Lucern clover (Medicogo cativa) is most in favor on the Jura plateau. 

 Esparsette clover (Oaolrichicaativa), Turkish clover, is cultivated chiefly in the shell- 

 lime districts. French clover {TrifoUum inuarnatam) is uncertain; it prospers the 

 best in the wine regions and is mostly cultivated as a substitute in case of failure of 

 seed clover. 



Bye grass, ^c. : Italian rye grass mixed with red clover instead of clover is culti- 

 vated seldom as hill-side seed ; also mixed with other kinds of grass and clover for 

 cultivating new lands. The English rye is but seldom cultivated. The Frencli rye 

 {Avena elatior) is used as a top grass for cultivating fodder grass mixed with different 

 kinds of clover. 



HOUSING, I'BEDpfG, AND liKEEDlNG CATTLIS IN BAVAKIA. 



Methods of housing : The stables are, with few exceptions, good ones, and solidly" 

 built. 'J^he recently built ones are mostly with iron arclies, stone pavement, and 

 open drains. In tlio mountain regions tho stables are still of wood, low, and badly 

 ventilated. 



Feeding ; In the mountains a greater part of the cattle feed in the Alpine pastures 

 between May and October. On the plains they are generally fed in the stables and 

 only put out to fall pasture after tho meadows are mowed. 



The pasture iu the Alps, where no overcrowding, takes place, where pastures are 

 manured and changed, is excellent, particularly in AUgau. In the mountains of 

 Upper Bavaria tho Alpine economy is still not as good as it, should be. 



In general the feeding of cattle has become better iu cousequence of morei extended 

 fodder cultivation. The vegetable cultivation has increased considerably and the use 

 of vegetable waste and strong fodder is important. 



