BRAZIL. 631 



wheels and axle which turns with the wheels, producing a sound simi- 

 lar to the filing of a large saw. 



During a recent tour which I made in the extensive agricultural 

 province of San Paulo I saw some good specimens of the native cattle. 

 A peculiarity of many of the cows is their resemblance to oxen in re- 

 spect to head and neck, and not unfrequently in size. If there is any 

 trait or quality of the Brazilian breed which could be profitably intro- 

 duced into the United States it must be that, and I think only that, of 

 size. 



The accompanying is a photograph which I had taken of one of these 

 cows at Piracicaba, a towu 500 miles distant from here. 



The local name of the breed of this cow is Caraqua, and her meas- 

 urement is as follows : Height, 4 feet 8 inches ; length of body, 8 feet 

 2 inches; distance between tips of horns, 4 feet 7 inches; age, nine to 

 ten years; estimated weight, 900 pounds. 



The name of the owner of the cow is Mr. Beuto VoUet, and of the 

 photographer, Mr. Bernardo Newman. I saw cows of this breed which 

 yielded about 12 quarts of milk per day. 



MIXED BREEDS IN BRAZIL. 



The Mesticos. — This long-horned breed is docile and is esteemed i)rin- 

 cipally for draft. Mixed with breeds i'rom Europe it has produced a 

 stock called " Mesticos," which are large and good looking with smaller 

 horns and yielding meat lightly, but of good flavor. 



The Quiabanos, — The interior province of Malto Grosso produces a 

 small bullock known as the "Quiabanos" breed (a name derived from 

 the capital of the province), of rather wild inclination but affording good 

 meat. . 



English breeds. — Of course in the principal cities and towns some of 

 the best English breeds, such as the Shorthorns and Jerseys, have been 

 introduced for familj' use. 



The Turino. — The breed used almost exclusively for milk dairies in 

 this and other large cities is called the " Turino." It is rather a large 

 black and white cow with medium -sized horns, similar to those seen in 

 the dairies of France and Switzerland, and yields milk abundantly, say 

 1,200 pounds per year. 



BEEF AND DAIRY PRODUCT CONSUMPTION IN RIO DE JANEIRO. 



The fact that most of the butter used in a city like this is the modern 

 adulteration, imported in tin cans, is one of many proofs that might be 

 adduced of the backward condition of the dairy industry in this country. 



The city of Eio de Janeiro consumes in beef, on an average, 110,000 

 bullocks a year. These are principally killed in the public slaughter- 

 house, at Santa Cruz, 9 miles distant on the railway, and the meat 

 brought into the city in cars. From the station it is distributed towards 

 evening in heavv four-mule carriages, which can be distinguished from 

 all others by tlieir rapid pace and heavy rumbling, to the retail shops, 

 which latter, generally, disjiose of all their meat early the next morn- 

 ing. 



The cattle usually come from the two great provinces of Minas Geraes 

 and San Paulo, being driven in herds of one hundred to one hundred 

 and fifteen head each, over bad roads, and arrive in tired condition. 

 They cannot be transported by railroad on account of the high freight 



