Brooders or Artificial Mothers. 191 



two tanks placed one above and one beneath the egg drawer, 

 and connected by tubes in such a way as to cause a very frea 

 and perfect circulation of the water. This double tank is 

 jacketed with felt and inclosed in a wooden box. The egg 

 tray or drawer is between the tanks as stated, and beneath 

 this a pan of earth kept constantly moist imparts sufficient 

 moisture to the air. 



The source of heat is a naked kerosene lamp under the 

 centre of the lower tank. The flame of this is regulated 

 according to the judgment of the attendant, who keeps it as 

 near to 102° F. as he can. 



In careful hands machines of this general character give 

 very good results, and, the body of water being large, the 

 changes occur slowly, and less constant attention is required 

 than might be supposed, except when the temperature of the 

 room is subject to very sudden and great changes. In fact, 

 when such extraordinary changes occur,, all the incubators 

 need watching, and often blanketing or special attention. 



No part of an ordinary dwelling is so good as the cellar to 

 set the incubator in. Here the temperature varies but little 

 between day and night, and between one day, when the ther- 

 mometer may stand at fifty-five, and the next, when it may 

 sink to zero — a change which not unfrequently occurs several 

 times in each winter in the Northern States, and which all 

 other parts of the house feel more or less. 



BROODERS OR ARTIFICIAL MOTHERS 



After the chicks are hatched and have been for a while 

 in the Nursery, so that they are well d ried off and have begun 

 to be lively and active, say from two to twelve hours after 

 hatching, they should be removed to the brooder. Of these 

 artificial mothers there are many kinds. Each maker of 



