14 FARM FORESTRY 



Trees that shed their leaves in the fall as do most hard- 

 wood or broadleaf trees are called deciduous trees. Those that 

 hold their leaves over winter as do most coniferous trees like 

 the pine, spruce and hemlock, are called evergreen trees. Some 

 evergreen trees retain their leaves for two years, others for 

 three or four years and others for longer periods. Evergreen 

 trees shed one year's growth, the oldest, every year. There 

 are many evergreen broadleaf trees like the live oak and holly 

 and also several deciduous conifers like the larch and bald 

 cypress. The arrangement of leaves on the twigs is such that 

 the leaves will receive the greatest amount of sunlight. In 

 some trees the leaves are alternate on the twigs, in others in 

 pairs on opposite sides of the twigs, each successive pair 

 alternating in its position on the twig with the pair above. In 

 many species the leaves are arranged in whorls. 



The winter period is the rest period in the life of trees. 

 Growth practically ceases in the early fall. Trees during the 

 winter period are in a dormant condition, but many of the 

 life processes including respiration and transpiration take 

 place the same as in summer, only in a much less active 

 manner. 



The Buds. — Buds contain the embryo of the next year's 

 twigs, leaves or flowers. They have regular arrangement on 

 the stem like the leaves. Buds are formed in the latter part of 

 the season's growth after the leaves have matured and the 

 new twigs have about finished their growth. They are covered 

 with layers of scales for protecting the growing parts from the 

 cold and drying winds of winter. Buds are either terminal 

 or lateral. The terminal buds, when present, are for the pur- 

 pose of prolonging the branch the following spring. Lateral 

 buds occur in the axils of the leaf stalks. Some of them pro- 

 duce leaves in the spring and others produce flowers. Flower 

 buds can often be distinguished by their larger size and form. 

 Adventitious buds are formed under certain conditions from 

 the young, living wood of trees. When a tree is cut the sprouts 



