TREES TO USE IN. STARTING WOODLOTS 67 



should be in the nature of wind breaks or shelter belts located 

 along the northern and western boundaries of every i6o acre 

 farm and two extending from north to south at intervals of 

 60 rods from the west side. The species recommended for the 

 better class of soils are European larch, cottonwood, white 

 willow, Scotch pine and western yellow pine. On the poorer 

 soils or in very exposed situations, western yellow pine, Scotch 

 pine, white spruce, green ash, white elm, hackberry and box- 

 elder should thrive. Thorough cultivation is necessary until the 

 crowns shade the soil. The trees should be closely spaced so 

 as to bring this condition about as soon as possible. A spacing 

 of 4 by 4 feet for conifers and 5 by 5 feet for the slowly 

 growing hardwoods and 15 by 15 feet for cottonwood under- 

 planted with silver maple is advised. 



On the lowlands better soil and moisture conditions are 

 found. All the species recommended for the uplands will do 

 well, especially cottonwood, European larch, Scotch pine, 

 silver maple, white willow, Austrian pine and white pine. 

 On the lowlands the- growing of trees for fence posts and fuel 

 is a commercial proposition at present. 



The Middle West. — Plantings will be made primarily for 

 shelter belts and for the production of fence posts. On the 

 better upland soils hardy catalpa, European larch, cottonwood, 

 osage orange, white pine and white willow are recommended. 

 For the sandy lands in the western part of the region jack 

 pine, Scotch pine, Austrian pine and western yellow pine and 

 red cedar are the species advised, and on the better soils 

 honey locust, Russian mulberry, osage orange, red cedar, 

 western yellow pine, Austrian pine, Scotch pine, green ash 

 and white elm. On the lowlands in the region, hardy catalpa 

 and osage orange are the chief trees for fence posts and cot- 

 tonwood on short rotations for lumber, pulpwood, boxboards 

 and staves, and for fuel alone white willow and silver maple, 

 walnut and Kentucky coffeetree are also recommended. The 

 spacing used in plantings should not exceed 6 by 6 ieei, and 



