208 APPENDIX 



corded by each student in notebooks, under the following 

 heads, to be followed with each tree studied : 



1. Twig. 



2. Bud. 



3. Leaves. 



4. Fruit or seed. 



1. Starting with the twig the instructor asks for observa- 

 tions on the twig. Have each member of the class study the 

 twig and tell whatever is observed. Bring out the following 

 points : size, color, thickness, smoothness, shiny or dull, mark- 

 ings, lenticles, annual nodes, leaf scars, etc. 



2. Next take up the bud in the same way and bring out 

 the following points: size by measuring, shape — conical, 

 round, one-sided, long, short, pointed, blunt, scales, hairs, 

 resin, sticky, smooth, where placed on the twig, and arrange- 

 ment, comparison of terminal and lateral buds. 



3. Then the leaf is observed. The following points should 

 be brought out: Size and variation in size, general shape; 

 lobes — number and form, round, sharp, color above and 

 below, thickness ; veins — arrangement, prominence, how far 

 they extend, hairs above and below ; stem — length, shape, how 

 fastened to leaf and twig. With conifers the number of years 

 the leaves remain on the trees should be noted. 



4. The fruit and seed should be obtained where possible 

 and studied in the same way, especially the form, size, shape, 

 etc. Old seeds can usually be found on the ground under the 

 trees. 



After two or three trees have been examined in this way 

 the method will be clear to both students and instructor. 

 There is no better training for the observation. A tree studied 

 in this way will never be forgotten. Do not allow one or two 

 students to make all the observations. Only three or four trees 

 should be examined in a practicum period. A few trees well 

 studied are better than many trees skimmed over. 



After studying the specimens, the leaf, twig, buds and 



