Scrub 
(in Europe), the scrub changes into temperate forests or 
on hillsides into pinewood. 
But where there is a long dry summer, the ground 
is usually covered by either :— 
(1) Maqui, which is a close thicket about 5 to 7 
feet high, composed chiefly of Erica arborea (of which 
our “ briar-root ” pipes are made), with hard-leaved ever- 
green shrubby oaks, mastic, and many other shrubs. 
(2) Gum-cistus, fairly close bushes of sticky Cistus, and 
other plants 3 to 4 feet high. 
(3) Scented Labiates, placed apart from one another 
and 2 to 3 feet high, with quantities of other scattered 
shrubs, and especially with many beautiful asphodels and 
other bulbs, 
(4) Small spiny bushes (garigue), usually less than 2 
feet in height, and distantly scattered over a specially 
dry and stony soil. 
One special characteristic of them all is that, in the 
whole series, all the typical and commonest plants either 
cannot be eaten by any animal under any circumstances, 
or are just edible when a goat or a donkey is starving 
and driven to extremities. 
This fact gives a great probability to the theory held 
by several continental botantists that these various types 
of vegetation are nothing but the persistent undergrowth 
of what were once forests of cork-oak, of chestnut, or 
of some of the Mediterranean pines. 
Such woods still exist in a few rare places. Dr. 
Willkomm describes them as exceedingly beautiful and 
even luxuriant. The trees of Quercus ilex, Q. lusita- 
nica, and wild olive are covered with dark-green moss 
or hung with lichens as the whitish grey tassels of Usnea 
barbata, or the reddish-yellow and grey of Alectoria. 
There are plenty of ferns such as Davallia. Along the 
streams are huge alders, great Celtis’ and bay trees 
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