CAMPANULACEAE 5 



bud that these make up a continuous tube. As the anthers dehisce introrsely, the 

 whole of the pollen is taken up by the stylar brush, which is then carried out of 

 the anther-cylinder by the elongation of the style. The flower now opens, and the 

 shrivelled stamens become retracted into its base, so that bees creeping into the 

 corolla must come into contact with the pollen and gradually brush it away with 

 their hairy coats. In the second stage of anthesis the stylar branches diverge and 

 display their stigmatic inner surfaces, which now take up the position previously 

 occupied by the pollen. 



Crossing by means of insect visitors is ensured by this marked protandry, but in 

 the absence of visitors automatic self-pollination is rendered possible by the bending 

 back of the stylar branches. 



Kerner points out that the bell-shaped corolla serves as a refuge to not a few 

 insects. Some of the exotic species bear cleistogamous flowers, e. g. the East Indian 

 forms C. canescens Wall, and C. colorata Wall. (H. von Mohl, Bol. Ztg., Leipzig, 

 xxi, 1863, p. 315); and C. dimorphanta Schweinf., native to Nubia and Upper 

 Egypt. 



0. Kirchner demonstrates (Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, liii, 1897, p. 200) 

 that there is a large amount of variation within the limits of the genus, in spite of the 

 marked agreement between the various species as regards the mechanism* size, 

 colour, and shape, as well as position and the way of aggregation into inflorescences. 

 He groups the species which have so far been investigated in the following way (op. 

 cit., pp. 214-15).— 



A. Corolla-lobes spreading or reflexed : entrance to the flower open. 



1. Entrance of the flower directed upwards. 



1. Corolla wheel-shaped or basin-shaped, deeply incised. 



a. Flowers solitary : C. cenisia L. 



b. Flowers in racemes : C. garganica Tenore, C. Elatines L., C. elatinoides 



Morelli. 



2. Corolla funnel-shaped, bell-shaped, or tubular. 



a. Style projecting from the corolla : flowers crowded. 



(a) Flowers blue : C. Cervicaria Z., C. glomerata L. 



(b) Flowers bright-yellow : C. ihyrsoides Z., C. petraea Z. 



b. Style not projecting from the corolla. 



(a) One-flowered. 



Corolla bell-shaped : C. Morettiana Reichh., C. AUionii Vtll., C. 



uniflora Z. 

 Corolla funnel-shaped: C. Aucheri A. DC, C. ciliata S/ev., C. spa- 



thulata Ehrenb. 



(b) Few-flowered. 



Flowers solitary in the axils. 



Corolla funnel-shaped : C. libanotica A. DC. 



Corolla bell-shaped : C. drabaefolia Sihih. el Sm., C. cashmiriana 

 Jiqyk. 

 Flowers in racemes. 



Flowers large : C. Rainerii Pcrpent., C. carpatica Jacq. 



Flowers small : C. Waldsteiniana Roem. d Schtilt., C. pauciflora Desf. 



