I20 



AyClOSPERMAE—DlCOTYLEDONES 



causing the displacement of two antlieis. The apex of the anther-cone is conse- 

 quently opened, and pollen is sprinkled on the under-side of the visitor. Even 

 repeated visits do not permanently open the cone, for the short filaments are 

 broad, and fleshy inwardly directed pouches of the corolla (which surround the 

 base of the cone) direct the stamens back to their original position. The pollen 

 received by bees from younger flowers is deposited on the stigmas of older ones 

 in the second (female) stage. 



Should insect-visits fail, automatic self-pollination may take place to a limited 

 extent, for the pollen remaining in the cone can fall upon the stigma, though 

 Darwin says this is an exceptional occurrence. 



Bees grasp the tooth-like appendages of the filaments with their claws, thus 

 displacing the anthers and causing the pollen to fall. Warnstorf describes the 

 pollen-grains as white in colour, in shape like two apposed hemispheres with 

 a central groove, smooth, up to 43 /x long and 25-8 fj. broad. 



Visitors. — Herm. Miiller (II. 

 M.) for Westphalia, and Buddeberg 

 (Budd.) give the following list. — 



A. Hymenoptera. {a) Api- 

 dae: i. Anthidium oblongaturn iJr. 

 %, skg. (Budd.); 2. Apis mellifica 

 L. 5, very numerous, skg. and 

 po-cltg. (H. jM.) ; 3. Bombus pra- 

 torum L. 5 and §. skg. and po-cltg. 

 (H. M., Budd.); 4. Halictus sex- 

 notalus A', j, freq., skg. (H. M.) ; 



5. H. zonulus Sm. 5, skg. (H.M.); 



6. Megachile cenmncularis /.. J, in 

 large numbers, skg. (H. RI., Budd.) ; 



7. M. fasciata Sm. J, do. (Budd.); 



8. Osmia fulviventris Pz. S, do. 

 (Budd.); ^). O. rufa L. 5, skg. 

 (Budd.). {[)) Vespidae: 10. Odyne- 

 rus parietum L. J, skg. (.?). B. Le- 

 pidoptera. Nociuidae : 1 1 . l^lusia 

 gamma /.., skg., in the evening 

 (H. M.). 



The lollowing were recorded 

 In the observers, and for the localiLies stated. — 



Knuth, 2 bees — Apis mellifica Z. 5> "^^^ Bombus terrester L. S, boili r^kg. 

 Friese (Hungary), 2 bees — Eucera crinipes Svi.^ and E. niiidiventris Mocs. 



Fig. .70. Boragu o/jichialis^ '.. (alter lli-nn. Miillei). 

 (1) Flower, afiir removal of tlie suuin-n, seen clirectly irom 

 below. J) A stamen in tlie natural position, seen from (lie 



>,ifle. a^ pouches of the corolla; ^, roots of the stamens; c, 

 ovaries; d, fleshy thickened Ijiament ; f, process of do.; /^ 

 opt^niny; of anther. 



606. Anchusa L. 



Homogamous bee flowers ; nectar secreted by the lour-lobed base of the 

 ovary, and concealed in the lower part of the corolla-tube. 



1968. A. officinalis L. (Sprengel, ' Entd. Geh.,' p. 89 ; Herm. IMuller, 

 ■ Fertilisation,' p. 411, 'Weit. Beob.,' Ill, pp. 15-16, ' Alpenblumen,' p. 261 ; Loew, 

 ' Bliitenbiol. Floristik,' p. 391; Knuth, ' Bliitenbiol. Beob. a. d. Ins. Kiigen'; 

 Tullberg, Bot. Not., Lund, r868, p. 14.) — In this species the limb of the corolki 



