376 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES 



the flowers of this species are generally dioecious, sometimes monoecious, or they 

 may be partially or entirely hermaphrodite. 



MacLeod states that the S catkins are more conspicuous than the 5, the latter 

 having the appearance of immature S ones. Each flower has four stamens proceeding 

 from the base of the catkin-scale, the anthers containing powdery pollen. Each 

 5 flower consists of a carpel with 2-4 small scales. As in Potamogeton and 

 Triglochin the pollen is deposited temporarily on the arched catkin-scales, until the 

 wind blows it away in clouds. 



CII. ORDER CUPULIFERAE RICH. 



Flowers monoecious, less often dioecious, and occasionally hermaphrodite ; 

 belonging to classes An or Po. 



801. Fagus L. 



Flowers anemophilous ; monoecious, Kerner says that the trees are protogynous, 

 the female flowers maturing some days earlier than the male. 



2565. F. sylvatica L. (MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, 

 pp. 127-8.) — MacLeod states that the flowers in this species mature simultaneously 

 with the foliage leaves. The S flowers are arranged in round, stalked, lateral catkins, 

 and each possesses 8-12 stamens, among which may generally be found the vestige 

 of a pistil. The 5 flowers grow together in pairs, and each possesses a triangular 

 ovary with three stigmas, and rarely also vestiges of stamens. The S catkins usually 

 possess a flexible stalk, so that they are moved by the wind and the pollen is 

 scattered. 



802. Castanea Tourn. 



Monoecious pollen-flowers. The male inflorescences are distinguished from the 

 pendulous male catkins of other related genera (Juglans, Quercus, Corylus, Carpinus, 

 &c.) by their erect position. 



2566. C. sativa Mill. (= C. vesca Gaerin). (Kirchner, Jahreshefte Ver. Nalk., 

 Stuttgart, xlix, 1893, PP- i°5-7 ; Loew, ' Bliitenbiol. Floristik,' p. 396; Knuth, 

 * Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.') — Kerner describes the male catkins of this species as 

 possessing an aminoid odour. They are very large (up to 20 cm. long), and rather 

 conspicuous, on account of the bright yellow perianth and numerous yellow anthers ; 

 they are, therefore, not infrequently visited by insects. Kirchner says that the pollen 

 is not powdery, but tends to cling together. The female flowers are inconspicuous, 

 green in colour, and possess a stiff style with smooth surface and a somewhat sticky 

 stigma. 



The flowers of this species are described by Sprengel (' D. Natzlichkeit der 

 Bienen,' p. 7), and also by Delpino ('Ult. oss.,' II, 1870), as anemophilous, but by 

 Kirchner (loc. cit.) as entomophilous pollen-flowers. The male inflorescences are 

 large and directed obliquely upwards ; they grow together in such numbers that 

 a tree in bloom is conspicuous from a great distance ; the odour is peculiar and 

 quite distinct close at hand, but at some distance it is scarcely noticeable. The 

 inflorescences are about 20 cm. long, crowded with flowers, and, when quite mature, 



