454 



ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES 



by three double septal glands in the ovary and exudes by canals situated about 

 half-way up that organ. The nectar then collects in the spaces between the base of 

 the ovary and those of the three inner stamens. It is also sometimes secreted at the 

 base of the ovary. Many species, such as A. Schoenoprasum, A. vineale, A. Chamaemoly, 

 A. carinatum, A. oleraceum, A. sativum, bear bulbils in the axils of the upper bracts. 



2768. A. Victorialis L. (Sprengel, 'Entd. Geh.,' p. 187; Herm. Muller, 

 'Alpenblumen,' pp. 50-1 ; Kerner, 'Nat. Hist. PI.,' Eng. Ed. i, II, pp. 283, 327.)— 

 In the yellowish-white flowers of this species, aggregated into globular umbels, the 

 pollen-covered anthers project in the first stage of anthesis, and the stigma in the 

 second, so that a nectar-seeking visitor touches one or other, and thus effects 

 crossing. Self-pollination is excluded by marked protandry. 



Kemer's description differs from the one above given by Hermann Muller. 

 He says that the pollen clings to the stigma before its papillae are mature, and 

 in a condition to stimulate the growth of pollen-tubes. He also describes each 



Fig. 40a Allium Victorialis, L. (after Herm. Mailer). A. Lateral view of a flower in the 6rst 

 (male) stage of anthesis. B. Do., in a further stage, after removal of part of the perianth. C. Repro 

 ductive organs in the second (female) stage. D. Pistil of a flower in the first stage, a* a*, stamens ; 

 /?, filament ; ^r, style ; h, nectar ; ov, ovary ; p, petals ; .y, sepals ; st, stigma. 



umbel as containing flowers in varying stages of maturation. In younger flowers 

 the anthers are still closed and hidden by the perianth leaves, vphile the stigmas 

 are already mature and project from the perianth. In the older flowers of the 

 same umbel, however, the pollen-covered anthers are situated above the perianth, 

 so that when the younger, short-stalked flowers are raised by the elongation of 

 their stalks, their stigmas brush against the pollen-covered anthers of the older 

 ones, "and are therefore geitonogamously pollinated. Thus according to Kerner's 

 description the flowers examined by him were markedly protogynous, while those 

 described by Hermann Muller in the Heuthal on the Bernina were strongly 

 protandrous. 



Visitors. — Herm. Miiller (Alps) observed a beetle, 25 Diptera, 4 Hymenoptera, 

 and II Lepidoptera. Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) saw the honey-bee, skg. 



2769. A. ursinum L. (Herm. Muller, ' Fertilisation,' p. 553 ; Kirchner, 

 'Flora V. Stuttgart,' pp. 60-1.) — The snow-white perianth in flowers of this species 

 expands in the form of a star. There are six stamens; the anthers of the three 

 inner ones dehisce first, and then those of the three outer. During this time the 

 style, which is at first only 2-3 mm. long, elongates to 6 mm., and the stigma 



