510 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES 



C. caespitosa L., C. acuta Z., C. vulgaris Fries (= G. Goodenowii /. Gay), C. Bux- 

 baumii Wahkjib., C. limosa L., C. pilulifera Z., C. praecox /acy., C. ericetorum Poll., 

 C. montana Z., C. panicea Z., C. glauca ^'co/., C. sylvatica Huds., C. strigosa Zferf.c., 

 C. pendula Huds., C. pallescens Z., C. digitata Z., C. flava Z., C. Oederi /?^/z., 

 C. extensa Good., C. Hornschuchiana Hoppe, C. fulva Good., C. distans Z., C. ampul- 

 lacea Good., C. hirta Z., C. filiformis Z., C. Pseudo-cyperus Z., C. vesicaria Z., 

 C. paludosa Good., C. riparia Car/. 



Kerner states that all monoecious species are protogynous. 



Hermann Miiller (' Weit. Beob.,' I, p. 293) describes Scirpus lacustris Z., 

 S. maritimus Z., and Eriophorum angustifolium Roth as protogynous. 



Kirchner (' Neue Beob.,' p. 10) says that Carex brizoides Z. and C. praecox 

 Jacq. (= C. verna Chaix et Vtll.) are feebly protogynous. 



Axell describes the following as protogynous: — Scirpus lacustris Z., S. maritimus 

 Z., Carex pallescens Z., C. Oederi Retz., C. panicea Z., C. atrata Z., C. alpina Z., C. 

 aquatilis Wahlenb., C. vulgaris Fries (= C. Goodenowii J. Gay), C. vaginata Tausch, 

 and other species of Carex ; Eriophorum alpinum, E. angustifolium Roth, E. latifolium 

 Hoppe, and E. Scheuchzeri Hoppe. (Most of these species have already been 

 mentioned.) 



Kirchner also describes all German species of Eriophorum as protogynous, and 

 MacLeod all species of Eleocharis. 



Appel arrived at somewhat different results. At Schaffhausen he not infrequently 

 observed for several years protandrous plants mixed with numerous protogynous 

 stocks of Carex montana Z. and C. praecox Jacq. He was able to confirm this 

 observation lately on Carex digitata Z. and C. humilis Leyss., also in the neighbour- 

 hood of Wurzburg. 



While, however, in the latter district the carices of the woods and meadows were 

 always predominantly protogynous, the marsh and water species were almost entirely 

 homogamous to protandrous ; Warnstorf confirms this statement, at least with 

 reference to C. caespitosa Z. and C. vulgaris Fries (= C. Goodenowii J. Gay). 



The distribution of sexes is particularly multifarious in the genus Carex, and is 

 subject to variation. Appel speaks as follows on the subject: — 



It is usual to divide the Carices into three groups — Monostachyae, Homostachyae, 

 and Heterostachyae. This division is not a natural one if consistently carried out, as 

 there are species which are not easily classified, and have therefore been inconsistently 

 placed, as is the case, e. g. with C. Buxbaumii Wahlenb. Besides this the system 

 does not always take into account the natural relation of larger groups, as may be 

 plainly seen in the division of Monostachyae, which is made up of entirely different 

 elements. 



In Monostachyae are included the species bearing a single terminal spikelet. 

 This may either combine both sexes, e. g. in C. pulicaris Z., or may be unisexual, 

 so that the plant is dioecious, as, e.g. in C. dioica Z. In these dioecious species, 

 however, it is not unusual to find individual plants uniting both sexes arranged 

 alternately in one spikelet, and sometimes, though rarely, others in which there are 

 small lateral spikelets in addition to the chief one. In the monoecious species, on the 

 contrary, individuals now and then occur with exclusively male or female spikelets. 



In the group of Homostachyae are included those species possessing several 



