512 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES 



C. alpina Sw. C. ustulata Wahlenb., C. misandra 7?. ^r., C. salina Wahlenb. {= C 

 hyperborea Drej.), C. vulgaris Fries (= C. rigida Good.), C. capillaris Z., C. rariflora 

 Sm., C. pedata L., C. saxatilis L. (= C. puUa Good). 



The species of this order also receive occasional visits from pollen-devouring or 

 pollen-collecting insects, which sometimes effect crossing. 



Visitors. — The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities 

 stated. — 



Herm. Miiller ('Fertilisation,' p. 567, ' Weit. Beob.,' I, p. 293), the hover-fly 

 Melanostoma mellina L., po-dvg., on the spikelets of Eleocharis palustris R. Br. 

 (= Scirpus palustris Z.), and the honey-bee, po-cltg., on Carex hirta Z. and C. mon- 

 tana Z. Kirchner ('Neue Beob.,' p. 10), the honey-bee, po-cltg., on Carex praecox 

 Jacg. (= C. verna VilL). Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), the beetle Cantharis fusca 

 Z., dvg. the anthers of C. Fraseri Andr. Appel (Schweinfurt), numerous beetles, 

 busily po-dvg., on the S spikelets of Carex acuta Z. and C. vulgaris Z'rzc.r (=C. 

 Goodenowii J. Gay). The same author states that many species of Cyperaceae, and 

 particularly of the genus Cyperus, e. g. Carex baldensis Z., are adapted by their 

 brightly coloured, closely crowded inflorescences to attract insects. 



Some special examples will illustrate these general remarks. 



970. Cyperus L. 



2961. C. fuscus L. — The flowers of this species are protogynous; but some- 

 times the stigmas are still receptive when the pollen of the same flower is mature, 

 and autogamy is thus possible. As a rule ^^■hen the flower is in the female stage, the 

 two mature anthers of the one next below it on the spikelet project on stiff filaments 

 a little above the bracts so that geitonogamy can easily take place. The species is 

 never anemophilous. The pollen-grains are white in colour, four-sided pyramidal, 

 the surface of the base arched, feebly tubercuiate, up to 30 /a long. 



971. Rynchospora Vahl. 



2962. R. fusca Ait. — The flowers of this species are protogynous ; the 

 pollen-grains are pale-yellow in colour, irregular, very variable in size, tetrahedral 

 or three-sided pyramidal, the surface of the base arched to a hemispherical curve or 



. less, and the tip bluntly rounded, closely papillose, up to 43 /x long and 31 /i broad 

 (Warnstorf). 



972. Scirpus L. 



2963. S. caespitosus L. — Schroder (Bot. Jahrb., Leipzig, xi, 1890, p. 513) 

 says that in this species male and female stocks occur besides those bearing only 

 hermaphrodite flowers. Raunkjaer also states that the plant shows a tendency to 

 gynodioecism. 



2964. S. supinus L. (MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, i, 1889, 

 P- 513-) — This species was observed by Jackson with underground cleistogamous 

 flowers. 



2965. S. lacustris L. — This species is markedly protogynous. When the 

 pollen is mature the stigmas of the same flower are already brown and shrivelled, so 

 that self-pollination is excluded. As the flowers of individual plants, however, open 

 very irregularly, specimens may be found during anthesis with flowers in the 5 (first) 



