520 ANGIOSPERMAE—MONOCOTYLEDONES 



middle), sometimes a little irregularly. The glumes remain closed ; the stigmas push 

 slowly forward on the tips of the latter, the stamens forcing their way out of the tips 

 of the hermaphrodite flowers (before and not after midday, apparently), only when 

 all the stigmas of the same inflorescence are faded. The filaments are long and stiff 

 (as in Dactyhs glomerata Z., with widely opened flowers), and the anthers dehisce 

 along their whole length. The stamens of the male flowers do not elongate until 

 later. This species therefore belongs to the protogynous grasses, and cross-pollination 

 always takes place. In warm climates, however, the whole process is probably 

 efiected more quickly than with us. 



982. Hierochloe S. G. Gmel. 



2994. H. odorata L. (Hildebrand, op. cit.) — This species is andromonoe- 

 cious. In the two-flowered spikelet the lower flower is male and the upper one 

 hermaphrodite. 



983. Anthoxanthum L: 



2995. A. odoratum L. (Axell, ' Om Anord. for Fanerog. Vaxt. Befmkt.' ; 

 Hildebrand, op. cit., p. 745 ; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 297 ; 

 Kerner, 'Nat. Hist. PI.,' Eng. Ed. i, II, p. 312; Kirchner, 'Flora v. Stuttgart,' 

 p. 122.)— Axell describes the flowers of this species as markedly protogynous, while 

 Hildebrand states that self-pollination is excluded. The anthers of the whole 

 inflorescence do not protrude between the glumes and dehisce until the stigmas 

 have faded, so that only cross-pollination is possible. The anthers are usually yellow, 

 rarely red. They dehisce, according to Kerner, between 7-8 a.m. 



Warnstorf (op. cit.) describes the pollen-grains as whitish in colour, rounded, 

 rendered opaque by small, crowded tubercles, 14 /x in diameter. 



Visitors. — The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities 

 stated. — 



Knuth and Herm. MuUer, the hover-fly Melanostoma melhna L. Scott-Elliot 

 (Dumfriesshire), a Muscid ('Flora of Dumfriesshire,' p. 188). 



984. Alopecurus L. 



2996. A. pratensis L. (Hildebrand, op. cit., p. 745.) — This species possesses 

 the same flower mechanism as Anthoxanthum odoratum L. The usually whitish, 

 more rarely bright-grey anthers become rust-red in colour after dehiscence. Kerner 

 says that they dehisce between 7-8 a.m. Warnstorf states that this takes place at 

 Ruppin between lo-ii a.m. 



Visitors. — Knuth observed the hover-fly Melanostoma mellina Z. 



2997. A. agrestis L. — This species, according to Kirchner (' Flora v. Stutt- 

 gart,' p. 124), possesses the same markedly protogynous flower mechanism as the 

 preceding one. 



2998. A. geniculatus L. (=A. fulvus S?n.). (Axell, op. cit.; Kirchner, 

 ' Beitrage,' p. 7.) — This species is markedly protogynous. 



Visitors. — MacLeod (Flanders) observed a po-dvg. beetle (Malachius sp.) 

 (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, p. 365). 



